Virtual Lesson Course Design and Teaching Online

Introduction Teaching career is one of those where people have to improve their quality often considering the requirements and standards set by the government. It is not always easy to create a unit according to which students are free to match their skills, knowledge, and interests with the activities promoted at classrooms (Beatly National Research Council, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Virtual Lesson Course Design and Teaching Online specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this paper, a K-12 content standard for social studies in high schools of California will be taken into consideration to encourage the best achievements for each student. What has to be done is a clear definition of student’s skills, knowledge, and concepts and apply them accordingly at the required Grade Ten. The project aims at outlining a week-long unit that is based on the Internet technologies’ use and direct pa rticipation of the instructor in the vast majority of students’ activities. The point is that students come to the courses with absolutely various levels of background knowledge (DiGiano, Goldman, Chorost, 2008), and it seems to be rather challenging to consider all needs and requirements under the same conditions. This is why a unit has to be developed taken into account a number of factors such as student interests and skills, instructor’s attitude, available technologies, and timing frames. Week-Long Unit Explanation The outline of the unit under analysis is rather simple and clear to the instructor as well as to the students. Unit Title: World History through the Internet Unit purpose: To help students study better the world history and focus on the events which took place between the 18th and 21st centuries including the two World Wars and American experience in country’s improvement and stabilization. The students will learn how to use the Internet source s to find more captivating details about the topic.Advertising Looking for assessment on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Unit Subject: Social Science and History Grade: 10 Time: 50 minutes each day (one week-long unit) Unit Peculiarities: History-Social Science Content Standards for California schools for the Tenth Grade are taken into considered; Students focus on the analysis of the historical events, abilities to participate in discussions, explanation, descriptions, etc. Outline Related to the Standard Relation of ethical issues to the development of the Western political ideas Comparison of revolutions in different countries; Analysis of the effects of Industrial Revolution in the USA, France, England, etc. Evaluation of the global changes in several countries; The First World War causes and effects: analysis; Investigations concerning the World War Second; Attention to the nation-building process in the wor ld; Research of the countries’ integrations and the development of technologies; Evaluation of the achievements observed during the course. Unit Structure The peculiar feature of the chosen unit structure is that it involves students in a variety of activities at the same time. As soon as the instructor introduces each member of the group (Boettcher Conrad, 2010), he/she offers new material, makes students get involved into searching activities, and promotes students’ participation in discussions which are based on the information found. It is not for the instructor to inform student but what is more important is to make students believe that different technologies are appropriate for improving students’ knowledge.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Virtual Lesson Course Design and Teaching Online specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The instructor offers a number of assignments which have t o be performed in groups that also promotes the idea of competition and the desire to demonstrate better skills in searching, cooperating, and discussing (Ko Rossen, 2010). Students have to be encourage to develop into the offered learning environment and introduce the strategies which are more effective under the created conditions. The main advantage of the unit structure is that flexibility in thinking is appreciated. Video or audio conferencing (Dawley, 2007) are chosen as the main means of communication, still, chat are also appropriate for the chosen unit. Lesson Outlines As a rule, the outlines of the online lessons have to be similar so that the students as well as the instructor do not spend much time of learning the peculiarities of the new form of education. Students have to learn one particular way of how the material is offered and the discussions are organized to focus deeper on the content of the lesson but not on its structure. The example of the outline given below must be implemented to all the lessons of the particular unit. Students are provided with the topic for discussion and the reasons of why the chosen theme is interesting and important in education; Students get the worksheets on the basis of which the lesson will be developed; Students share their background knowledge and their wishes concerning what kind of knowledge may be gained; The instructor offers the list of readings which are required and encourages students to make use of various Internet sources which are appropriate for the course; Discussions take place as soon as the task is given; however, the discussions are based on the material given the day before so that the students are able to prepare; The instructor may improve the discussions to promote better understanding of the topic; Students have to share their opinions about the theme discussed and the methods used to disclose the topic; The instructor should conclude the achievements of the discussion and the skills gained by the students (lesson assessment is required); Possible improvements for future. One Fully Developed Lesson In this part of the paper, one lesson will be fully developed to explain the techniques and approaches which have to be used by the instructor. There are three main aspects which should be taken into consideration: content of the lesson, student interest, and possibilities. The description of the second lesson in a weak devoted to the Industrial Revolution will be offered. Lesson Objectives To understand the importance of the Industrial Revolution; To promote the use of different sources of information to gather the necessary material for discussions. Requirements Internet access; Pencils and paper for students to make notes; Web cameras for videoconferencing; Online books and notes. Evaluation of skills What do students know about the Industrial Revolution? What do students want to know about the chosen topic? What methods do students prefer to search for the m aterial? Lesson Plan The lesson begins with the discussion of the topic and the necessity to learn it. The Industrial Revolution in the middle of the 18th century changes the world in a variety of ways (Ross, 2008), and the students should know more about this period of time to know which methods were used and which outcomes were expected. Students have to be involved into the discussion: the instructor admits that in the middle of the 18th century, children did not find it necessary to visit schools and get appropriate education (Pierce, 2005), and students have to give as many reasons as possible for why such neglecting of education took place. Students are divided into the groups and discuss different spheres of life which underwent certain changes due to the Industrial Revolution. Pros and cons of the revolution are identified as well as the emergence of capitalism is considered as a dominant issue in the middle of the 18th century (â€Å"History-Social Science Content Standa rds for California Public Schools†, 2000). Students share their personal opinions about the role of the Industrial Revolution: it is not enough to introduce some general facts which are well-known, what students have to do is to prove that the revolution influenced human life and the ways of how people could develop business in different countries. Video conferencing takes place to ask questions, give answers, develop the theme under analysis, and improve personal knowledge about the Industrial Revolution in different countries. It is a luck in case the class consists of the students from different countries so that they can share their personal ideas and the impact of the revolution of their countries. The instructor offers the lesson assessment within the frames of which students are free to demonstrate the level of gained knowledge. Students are assigned to create PowerPoint presentations disclosing one of the aspects of the revolution. Students evaluate their achievements by means of audio conferencing with the tutor and discuss the improvements which are required. Media/ Technologies Used in the Project The success of the virtual course depends on the properly chosen technologies and media sources with the help of which the communication between the instructor and students may be developed. Communication systems serve as the most frequently used media that promotes the learning process implementation. Within a short period of time, media becomes a dominant factor in learning online (Anderson, 2008). Microsoft Office, Media Player, and Adobe Reader are the main programs which have to be available for the students so that they can easily read the instructions sent and perform their tasks accordingly. Skype is the program that may help to develop video and audio conferences any time for free.Advertising Looking for assessment on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The only point that has to be discussed at the beginning of the course is the technologies which may be used. If the vast majority of students as well as the instructor support the idea of Skype and some discussion boards, all the students have to use the same media. Web 2.0. Technology Web 2.0 is one of the newest propositions for the Internet users to improve their online communication and writing. As a rule, this technology supports numerous blogs, wikis, and social networking by means of which people are free to talk to each other (Solomon Schrum, 2007). In the course under analysis, the Web 2.0 technology such as wikis is offered to be used. Wikis are appropriate for a number of projects which promote several people to write, create, or revise in one team. With the help of this technology, it is possible to observe the recent changes and contribute the development of the topic. Under the chosen technology, the instructor creates a task and allows students answering the questio ns and developing the topic. Wikis do not take much place on computers and it is easy to understand how to use its services. The students should spend several minutes to learn the main aspects of the program and start using it. Pedagogical Approaches and Their Justification The chosen online learning process may be considerably improved by properly chosen pedagogical approaches. Some of them are given below: Behavioral perspective aims at developing appropriate skills of students to achieve the necessary behavioral outcomes. Students should understand that some form of control is required for the chosen form of education, and the instructor has to introduce it. The justification of this approach lies into the fact that even online learning has to correspond to certain norms, rules, and standards. And this approach as nothing else helps the instructor to choose the most effective ways of organizing student work online. Instructional perspective helps the instructor to organize the activities for the whole group: each step has to be properly weighted and each idea has to be justified. This approach is justified due to the required order of steps taken. A person has to understand the logic of personal activities and explain the necessary order to the students, and the peculiarities of the chosen approach will help to take the right direction. Social constructivism is the final approach to be used in pedagogy that promotes the development of the required learning environment and students’ participation in discussions. The peculiar feature of this approach is that online learning is based on numerous technologies and media. The offered approach will show the right way of how to organize online communication between the students who participate in discussion. Unit Assessment There are several methods of how unit assessment may be organized. One of the most frequently used is writing essays. The instructor asks to create a project that will help to under stand how successful each student in learning the new material and using the technologies offered. The chosen content of the unit is easy to combine with the media used. It is possible to discuss a certain historic even studied and evaluate the conditions under which the material was learnt. Online quizzes and some questions may also attract students’ attention. The following example of the quiz is possible to organize by means of the available Web 2.0 technology. The instructor creates a question and points out the name who has to answer it; then, the student who answers the question creates a new question on the same topic and asks another student to answer it. As soon as all students and the instructor participate in the quiz, they have to evaluate each question and answer and give the points. A person who gets more points gets a high grade and may omit other types of assessment. Such activity will promote the development of students’ imagination and the desire to d o their best. Finally, the students are questioned about the quality of the course offered and the ideas of how further courses may be improved. It is very important to consider students’ opinions in order to provide them with the best ideas, material, and knowledge. Conclusion In general, the success of the evaluated unit is predetermined by a variety of factors. The point is that both the instructor and the students have to be involved into the learning process. The way of how the instructor organizes students’ activities and the ideas offered by the students during the discussions determine the level of the course success. This is why it is useless to find the main person who is responsible for the course organization but try to choose the best activities to introduce an interesting and educative unit. Reference List Anderson, T. (2008). The theory and practice of online learning. Edmonton: Athabasca University Press. Beatly, A. National Research Council. (2008). A ssessing the role of K-12 academic standards in states: Workshop summary. Washington: National Academies Press. Boettcher, J.V. Conrad, R.M. (2010). The online teaching survival guide: Simple and practical pedagogical tips. Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons. Dawley, L. (2007). The tools for successful online teaching. Hershey: Idea Group Inc. DiGiano, C., Goldman, S.V., Chorost, M. (2008). Educating learning technologies designers: Guiding and inspiring creators of innovative educational tools. New York: Taylor Francis. â€Å"History-social science content standards for California public schools, kindergarten through grade twelve.† (2000). California State Board of Education. Retrieved from https://www.cde.ca.gov/be/st/ss/documents/histsocscistnd.pdf. Ko, S. Rossen, S. (2010). Teaching online: A practical guide. New York: Taylor Francis. Pierce, A. (2005). The Industrial Revolution. Edina: ABDO. Ross, S. (2008). The Industrial Revolution. London: Evans Brothers. Solomon, G. Schrum, L. (2007). Web 2.0.: New tools, new schools. Suite: ISTE. This assessment on Virtual Lesson Course Design and Teaching Online was written and submitted by user Miranda Delaney to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

buy custom Auditory Processing Disorder essay

buy custom Auditory Processing Disorder essay Symptoms of Auditory Processing Disorder. People or children with this disorder usually experience trouble with remembering information which was delivered to them orally and besides that they have issues with paying attention therefore, information which is presented visually is well processed than oral information. They fail to receive information that is presented simultaneously in a number of ways. Such people are not able to remember multiple directions that were given orally because they can only remember one thing at a given time. They generally have underdeveloped listening skills therefore if the information has to be grasped well the personal passing the information needs to speak slowly. Persons with Auditory Processing Disorders take a long period to process verbal information. Such people are not fond of places or locations that usually have background noises like bars or other social places. They often prefer written information over verbal or oral information. At times their behavior may not be what is expected by many for instance when they try to fill the missing gaps through guessing. Manifestation of this disorder is manly in relation to sound for instance the direction of a specific sound, difficulties in telling the difference between the perceived sounds as well as aligning the various sounds to meaningful information. Confusion of sounds is common amongst people of this condition. Most of the times they may perceive some words but fail to say them this occurs as a result of poor connectivity in the said words making it difficult in getting the intended meaning. For these reason such a person may fail to see the sense in the words that people speak to them because of the missing links as a result of procession problems. Children with such complication often fail to get the meaning of the perceived information. They only realize that a word was spoken and though one may try to repeat the exact word they may not get the meaning (Katz, Stecker and Henderson, 1992). Backgrounds noise from the television or social places making it impossible for them to perceive and understand the spoken words. They often experience problems with telephone communication because of the low quality of the sound. Therefore telephones are not the best way of passing information to such people. Problems in receiving information that is passed over the telephone is associated with poor signal as well as intermittent sounds which may be chopping the words that the other person is speaking. Most of the people with auditory procession problems have perfect or sensitive vision which is perceived by many as a cooping strategy. They are particularly good at reading lips, getting the meaning through eye contact as well as body language. Such mechanisms usually help them to compensate their processor issues. The challenge is that this ability is only limited to face to face communication and is not of any importance to communication that is done over the phone. Some of the other characteristics that are not very specific include general shyness and quietness. At times they tend to withdraw from the main society because of the communication problem. Children who have such problems may experience humiliation at school because of lack of understanding by their classmates. Auditory processing disorder has negative implications to ones academics as well as social life because acquisition on knowledge will be difficult when one is not in apposition to process the necessary information and same applys to social interaction. Such people tend to isolate themselves because of fear of intermediation; they may fail to socialize because of their communication problem. Childrens education is tempered with when early diagnosis and treatment is not done. Adults are prone to interpersonal relationship issues that might be persistent because of the barrier to effective communication (Bellis, 2003). Buy custom Auditory Processing Disorder essay

Strategy in the World Package Delivery Business Essay

Strategy in the World Package Delivery Business - Essay Example The essay "Strategy in the World Package Delivery Business" discusses the relationship between the planning and strategy in the world package delivery business. There is a direct relationship between planning and strategy since plans are made to identify goals (organizational or functional) and strategies are designed to achieve these identified goals. In this case scenario (Jones & George, 2007), FedEx planned to address competition from UPS by identifying an opportunity in the overnight delivery niche even by charging a premium price. As emphasized in Operations Strategy and Competitiveness, â€Å"the business strategy of FedEx, the world’s largest provider of expedited delivery services, is to compete on time and dependability of deliveries. The operations strategy of FedEx developed a plan for resources to support its business strategy. To provide the speed of delivery, FedEx acquired its own fleet of airplanes. To provide dependability of deliveries, FedEx invested in a sophisticated bar code technology to track all packages†. To compete with FedEx and DHL, UPS must review and evaluate the strategies of both organizations to gauge their strengths and weaknesses. Using this information as inputs, UPS must then identify opportunities and threats in the world package delivery business to enable them to tap the opportunities and address the threats or risks, as required. Using their core competencies in using their tracking and information system; as well as in logistics, specifically in meeting delivery schedules faster.

Real chocolate company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Real chocolate company - Essay Example The company sells its products through retail stores both company owned and franchised. It produces wide variety of chocolates (that caters to the different tastes of the customers) at the company owned factory and delivers the same, to stores in a cost effective manner. The products such as fudges and caramel apples are made within the store in order to maintain the freshness. The convenience and the suitable tastes of the products are directly correlated with the number of foot-falls in the stores and overall sales. The key stakeholders of the company include all franchisees, employees, company owners and customers. With the company deriving a 72 percent of revenues by selling the products to franchisees, the satisfaction of the franchisees stands crucial for the company in order to keep the sales growth intact in future years. Also, keeping abreast of the changing consumer preferences is becoming a must. While the company sales growth and financials appear sound, many smaller and similar sized companies having variety of product offerings, fast changing consumer eating habits with rising income levels, aggressive marketing strategies of market leaders, maturing and fragmented nature of the industry is posing challenges for the company to maintain its current growth. This report evaluates the various external and internal factors related to the company’s business, and presents a strategic solution for the current problem faced by the company. The analysis of the five competitive forces (suggested by Michael porter), viz. threat of new entrants, threat of substitution, bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers, and rivalry among the existing companies, better explains the nature of confectionery industry and provides the basic road map to develop a competitive strategy for The Real Chocolate Company (Porter, 1998). The factors like, lack of

Explain the basic principles of MR image production Essay - 2

Explain the basic principles of MR image production - Essay Example MRI is the safest imaging clinical imaging technique that is used for a variety of medical purposes like differentiating between normal and pathological tissues for diagnosis and tracking dynamic changes in tissue properties over time. Magnetism is physical phenomenon in which materials and moving charged particles can attract or repel other materials or moving charged particles (Ballinger, Intro to MRI, 1998). Magnetism results from moving electric charges or intrinsic spin moments of electrons or nucleis. Spin is a quantum mechanical property. This means that the available spin energy levels are constrained to specific, discrete values. A spin 1/2 particle has only two possible spin states: spin up (+ 1/2) or spin down (- 1/2). The magnetic moment is aligned with the spin. The spin-up and spin-down states are described as being equal in energy, or degenerate. However, if another magnetic field is introduced, the spin-up and spin-down states will be no longer equal in energy. The energy difference introduced by applying the external magnetic field is known as the Zeeman splitting (van Geuns, 1999). This effect is very important in such applications as magnetic resonance imaging. Magnetism can be classified as par amagnetism, diamagnetism, ferromagnetism, and antiferromagnetism (Ballinger, Intro to MRI, 1998). Having microscopic magnetization, protons within a magnetic field produce wobbling as they spin. The rate of this wobbling or precession constitutes resonance or Larmor frequency (Intro to MRI). The application of a radio frequency pulse at the Larmor frequency causes a change in the distribution of spins with respect to their energy state and precessional phase coherence (Rodr ´Ã„ ±guez, 2003). Practically, it means that If individual nuclei is exposed to RF radiation at the Larmor frequency, nuclei in the lower energy state jumps to the higher energy state (Intro to MRI). Upon

Microwave Motion Detector

Microwave Motion Detector CHAPTER NO: 1 MICROWAVE MOTION DETECTOR (MMD) 1.1 INTRODUCTION: â€Å"The Microwave Motion Detector (MMD) is a true microwave Doppler transmitter and receiver, solves difficult detection problems easily with the microwave motion detector, senses any moving body be it a person, animal, car, bicycle or extra-terrestrial.† 1.2 WHY MICROWAVE MOTION DETECTOR: Understanding basic home security best practices could mean the difference between keeping your home safe and becoming the victim of a break-in. Start protecting your home better by exploring our Home Security Basics section which provides a good foundation of knowledge on everything from security cameras to outdoor lighting options that help prevent break-ins before they happen. I the light of above detail we have a requirement of autonomous microwave motion detector to prevent our assets from terrorism and any other type damage or robbery. 1.3 PROJECT GOAL: The major goal of this project is to design an autonomous Motion Detection setup, that will be able to sense the motion of any moving object (person, car bicycle or extra-terrestrial) in the designated area or designated range. In our project we have used different type of small size electronics (Diodes, Transistors, FETs, Resistor, Capacitors and Operational Amplifiers) to complete the setup and to make a smart and precise design of MMD. 1.4 PRINCIPLE OF MICROWAVE MOTION DETECTOR: The system emits microwave energy that completely fills its area of detection, much like ultrasonic sensors. A Gunn diode emits energy in the x-range, similar in effect to Doppler frequency shifts. Any disturbance caused by movement within the field of detection may activate the alarm system/Buzzer. Despite fears held by many, these sensors do not adversely affect humans and pacemakers. 1.5 SPECIFICTION: Ø True microwave Doppler shift operation Ø Unaffected by heat, light, sound, humidity or temperature Ø A real microwave transmitter/receiver runs at 1 GHz Ø Runs on 9 to 15 volts DC ideal for car burglar alarms 1.6 REQUIREMENTS: Ø DC Voltage, (+9V to +15V). Ø Oscilloscope DC 2 to 200MHz to monitor the transmitted signal of oscillator and observe waveform of different stages of Microwave Motion Detector. Ø BNC plug to BNC plug cable 75 Ohms, 1 Meter 1.7 APPLICATIONS OF MMD: The chief applications for MMD have been given bellow. Ø Detection of unauthorized entry in our home, Offices and other restricted buildings. Ø Detection of moving object which triggers a Camera to record subsequent events or to operate a Buzzer/Alarm, LED, Laser Diode etc. Ø This relatively inexpensive and the MMD can easily be used in a variety of science projects, robots and other useful devices. 1.8 BREIF HISTORY OF MOTION DETECTION: Motion can be detected by measuring change in speed or vector of an objector objects in field of view. This can be achieved either by mechanical devices that physically, interact with the field or by electronic devices that quantify and measures changes in the given environment. 1.9 PREVIOUS METHODS OF MOTION DETECTION: Different methods of motion detection were used in past. These are given bellow. Some methods have been obsolete. Some methods are still in used. 1.9.1 MECHANICAL DEVICES: A tripwire is a simple form of motion detector. When an object steps into the tripwire s sensory field (i.e, trips the wire), then a simple sound device might alert to the user. 1.9.2 ELECTRONIC DEVICES: The principal methods by which motion can be electronically identified are optical detection an acoustical detection. Infrared light or laser technologies may be used for optical detection. Microwaves are one of the best tools for motion detection. CHAPTER NO: 2 DOPPLER THEORY AND RADIATION PATTERN 2.1 DOPPLER THEORY: The operation of the MMD is based on a physical theory known as the Doppler Effect. In its simplest form the Doppler theory states that as sound, light or even radio waves are reflected back by a moving object, the frequency of these waves will be different from the frequency when the object is stationary. As the object moves away the frequency will decrease and if the object moves toward you, the frequency will increase. This effect is demonstrated very visibly (or should we say audibly) by a train whistle passing you. This change in frequency is due to the waves being either stretched or compressed as they leave the moving object. Compressing the waves closer will have the effect of increasing the perceived frequency while stretching the waves will cause the frequency to appear lower. This is obviously not the place for an in depth discussion of Doppler theory Just be aware that it is the basis for the operation of the MMD. In fact, with an oscilloscope you can actually see this fr equency change at U1 pin 10. Another phenomenon associated with waves is called the Doppler Effect. Imagine standing near a train track, and a train approaches you with its whistle blowing. The pitch of sound waves is associated with the frequency of the wave: the higher the pitch, the higher the frequency. Thus, as the train approaches the frequency of the sound wave you hear is higher, and as it recedes the frequency is lower. This can be pictured by the following diagram. In this : 2.1 the circles represent, as viewed from above, the crests of adjacent waves. Thus, if you are standing to the right, with the wave source moving towards you, more waves reach you per second, which means that the frequency you hear is higher. Conversely, if you stand to the left, with the wave source moving away from you, fewer waves reach you per second and the frequency you hear is lower. 2.2 TYPICAL RADIATION PATTERN. The microwave motion detector circuit radiates the microwave frequency from an omni directional antenna so the radiation pattern for the electromagnetic waves is given as under. 2.3 RADIATION SAFETY Microwave radiation from the module is well below established safety standards for general public environment, like ANSI C95.1-1991 of USA and NRPB-G11 of United Kingdom. 2.4 HANDLING: The module is an electrostatic sensitive device (ESD). Precautions shall be observed for handling and assembly. Use the circuit module in an electromagnetic interference free environment to avoid errors in detection. 2.5 FUNCTIONAL IMPROVEMENT: The module can be improved to calculate the speed of the moving object. This can also be used to find the direction of the moving object; some additional circuitry is required for these functions. CHAPTER NO: 3 HARDWARE DESIGN OF MICROWAVE MOTION DETECTOR In this section it has been tried to cover hardware related topics of MMD. That is given below separately. 3.1 MMD BLOCK DIAGRAM: The block diagram of the MMD has been shown in the following The detail of block diagram has been shown in the following section. 3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM BRIEF DESCRIPTION: The MMD consists of eight (08) major blocks. Ø Power supply unit Ø Oscillator Ø Transceiver Ø Mixer Ø Buffer amplifier Ø Band pass amplifier Ø Output Drive Amplifier Ø Signal indicator/ Interfacing circuitry 3.2.1 Power Supply Unit: This unit provides required supply voltages for several circuit stages. Source required for the operation of this circuit is from +9v to +15v dc. It is responsible of biasing for all stages of the system. We can use dc battery or built in power supply for this system. This property of the system made it portable device for motion detection. 3.2.2 Oscillator: This section of the circuit produces the frequency approximately 1Ghz.Crystal oscillator is used to generate the required frequency. choice of this oscillator is due to its compact size , low cast and availability of the this component in the market. 3.2.3 Transceiver: The microwave RF energy that is developed by the oscillator is radiated in an omni-directional pattern from the antenna. Then the redirected waves are also received by the same antenna. 3.2.4 Mixer: Received frequency is mixed with the transmitted frequency. 3.2.5 Buffer Amplifier: Frequency generated by the mixer is amplified and buffered in this section of the circuit. 3.2.6 Band Pass Amplifier: Frequency filtered by the mixer is amplified and buffered in this section of the circuit. The band of frequencies passed from the stage is between 10Hz to 40Hz. 3.2.7 Output Drive Amplifier: This amplifier drives the output stage. 3.2.8 Signal Indicator/Interfacing circuits: The detected motion is indicated in the form of an LED glow or it can be interfaced with an interfacing signal that could be some alarm system, camera etc. 3.3 MMD CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: The circuit diagram has been generated in Protell / P-CAD. 3.4 PARTS LISTS: 3.4.1 CAPACITORS LIST: S.# DESCRIPTION DESIGNATOR QTY 1 0.01 uF Disk capacitor (marked .01 or 103 or 10nf) C3, C8, C15, C18 04 2 0.1 uF disk capacitor (marked .1 or 104) C11, C12, C20 03 3 2.0 pF. or 2.2 pf. disk capacitor C6, C7 02 4 22 pF. disk capacitor C5 01 5 1.0 uF electrolytic capacitor C16, C17 02 6 10.0 uF electrolytic capacitor C1, C2, C9, C10, C13, C14 06 7 220 uF electrolytic capacitor C4 01 8 1000 uF electrolytic capacitor C19 01 3.4.2 RESISTORS LIST: S.# DESCRIPTION DESIGNATOR QTY 1 220 Ohm (red-red brown) R2 01 2 470 Ohm (yellow-violet-brown) R1, R15 02 3 1K Ohm (brown-black-red) R6, R7, R11, R20 04 4 4.7K Ohm (yellow-violet-red) R12 01 5 10K Ohm (brown-black-orange) R4, R14, R16, R19, R21 05 6 47K Ohm (yellow-violet-orange) R3 01 7 100K Ohm (brown-black-yellow) R5, R17, R18 03 8 470K Ohm (yellow-violet-yellow) R13 01 9 1 Mega Ohm (brown-black-green) R9, R10 02 10 10K potentiometer R8 01 3.4.3 SEMICONDUCTORS LIST: S.# DESCRIPTION DESIGNATOR QTY 1 Diode 1SS99 (clear glass body with black and blue bands) D1 01 2 Diode 1N4148 (glass body with single black band) D2 01 3 LED D3 01 4 2N3904 NPN transistor Q1, Q2 02 5 2SC2498 or 2570 NPN UHF transistor Q3 01 6 BS170 FET transistor Q8 01 7 LM-324 op-amp U1 01 3.4.4 HARDWARE AND MISCELLANEOUS LIST: S.# DESCRIPTION DESIGNATOR QTY 1 MMD Printed Circuit Board 01 2 Connector 6 Pin J-1 01 3 Connector 2 Pin J-2 01 3.5 MMD PARTS LAYOUT COMPOMENT STUFFING GUIDE DIAGRAM: 3.6 CONSTRUCTION OF THE MMD CIRCUIT: The following steps have been taken for the construction of the MMD main circuit in the light of the PCB layout given in the previous : 3.3 1. 2. 3. 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.6.1 Check off each step as understood and completed. Examine the parts layout diagram for parts location on the PC board. In all steps, â€Å"install† means to carefully insert the part into the correct hole, solder the leads to the PC board and trim away the excess lead wire. 3.6.2 Use good soldering techniques let your soldering iron tip heat each connection wire enough so that the wire itself and PC board circuit trace BOTH become hot enough to melt the applied solder. The solder should flow smoothly around the lead wire and PC board trace. 3.6.3 Orient the circuit board as shown in parts layout diagram. 3.6.4 Install the LED, with the longer lead towards potentiometer R8. Leave the leads about 3/4† long if you are using the MMD case. 3.6.5 Install sensitivity control R8, 10K potentiometer. R8 acts as a â€Å"volume† control, adjusting the level of Doppler shift signal being applied to amplifier and switching portions of the MMD. 3.6.6 Install J1, 6 pin connector. 3.6.7 Install C1, 10uF electrolytic capacitor. Electrolytic capacitors are polarized and must be installed correctly. Usually PC layouts will show where the + lead should go while the capacitor itself will usually indicate the lead. In any case, be sure you observe correct polarity. 3.6.8 Install Q2, 2N3904. Orient the flat side of the transistors as shown on parts layout diagram. Q2 has an interesting function, being connected as a zener diode! The reversed biased base-emitter junction on a silicon transistor behaves as a low power zener diode with a breakdown voltage in the 6 to 8 volt range. 3.6.9 Install Q1, 2N3904 Orient the flat side as shown. Q1 acts as a power supply filter and regulator for the op-amp IC chip, U1. 3.6.10 Install R1, 470 Ohm (yellow-violet-brown). 3.6.11 Install Q8, BS170 and orient the flat side as shown.Q8 is a power transistor. 3.6.12 MOSFET that controls the external load you connect to your MD3. 3.6.13 MOSFET is used since, as the load is turned on and off, a regular bipolar transistor will cause the MD3 to â€Å"see† itself. This is due to the diode switching action in a bipolar transistors base-emitter junction. 10. Install C20, .1uF capacitor (marked .1 or 104). 2.3 Power supply (General Purpose) Circuit Operation. In the above : 3.4 a preview of the main PCB have been shown. In this preview the portable battery has also been shown. 3.7 POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT: The supply is provided by using a transformer with output 20v+20V, 2A leading to a distributed power supply circuit (for general purpose supply) that provides outputs +15V,-15v, +12V, +9V connected to 50Hz, 220 VAC supply mains. The power supply circuit consists of bridge rectifier that provides +20v and -20v with 2A ratings. 3.7.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT: The block diagram of the power supply unit has been shown in the following : 3.7.2 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT: In the following a circuit diagram of general purpose power supply has been shown in the : 3.6. The circuit diagram has been designed in the Protel Software. 3.7.3 POWER SUPPLY ASSEMBLED PCB: The preview of the assembled power supply unit has been shown in the : 3.7. 3.8 ALTERNATE PORTABLE POWER SUPPLY: An alternate supply can be used instead of a self made supply we can use a +9 Volt Battery to power up the circuit. In this circuit battery is used for simplicity. In the remote area or the area where AC power source is not available we are required to used this portable battery for a short period of time because the life of this battery is to short for proper working of MMD for a long period. CHAPTER NO: 4 ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS AND USER MANUAL 4 4.1 ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE MMD: After the stuFfing of PCB test the Microwave motion detector PCB on your workbench for the verification of the design and reliability of components used in the stuFfing of PCB. If the testing is assured to be perfect now it is the time to assemble the PCB of microwave motion detector in a casing. There are three parts of the Assembly of the microwave motion detector. Ø Composites Box Ø Power Supply PCB Ø Microwave Motion Detector PCB Ø Power ON/OFF switch Ø Motion indicator LED (Green LED) This box is made of fiber (Composites material). 4.2.1 POWER SUPPLY PCB: In the following : 4.2 assembled Power supply unit has been shown. 4.2.2 MOTION DETECTOR PCB: In the following : 4.2 assembled Main MMD PCB has been shown. Assemble the box in the following steps. Ø Mount the power supply PCB on the bottom of the box Ø Mount the Microwave Motion Detector PCB in the box Ø Mount the power switch on the box Ø Mount the indicator LED on the box at the last. Ø Final assembly is shown inn the . In the following : 4.3 assembled MMD system has been shown. The MMD has been shown in the working conditions in a room, means it is sensing the movement of a moving body and giving its response of motion sensing by glowing up the LED. 4.3 INSTRUCTION MANUAL: A switch is placed in the path of DC power so that the power can be saved in the time when the device is not in use. Turn off the switch after using the device and turn it on before using this device. The green light will glow automatically for approximately 5 seconds soon after turning on the device. This indication is not for a moving object but this light glows as a function of turning on the device. The Microwave motion detector is operated in the case where a moving object is needed to sense. In our design the circuit antenna is arranged in the position that it can sense a motion within the range of 2 meters approximately. When an object is moved within this range the motion is sensed by the design and a green light blinks on the panel of the box. This is an indication for the moving object. It can sense another motion approximately 10 seconds after the first motion is sensed. For better sensitivity this device may be used in the electromagnetic interference free environment so that the waves cannot interfere in the produced frequency of the device. Also it must be operated in the vibration free environment so that its antenna must be in static condition if it is in the vibration itself it will sense the motion when nothing is in moving condition, it is due the motion of its own antenna that the frequency is transmitted and received itself by the moving antenna and the green li ght on the panel keeps on glowing that is an operator fault and can be rectified by placing the device on a balanced plane surface. A special care for the Microwave Motion detector is that operate the circuit in the box and never use the PCB alone because this PCB needs special care for the electrostatic charge. An external supply port may be given in the box so that a regulated DC power can also be applied externally to the device. For external power be careful about the polarity of the given DC power. CHAPTER NO: 5 OPERATION OF MICROWAVE MOTION DETECTOR 5.1 WORKING PRINCPAL OF MICROWAVE MOVEMENT DETECTOR: Microwave generating and receiving module generates and transmits a microwave signal which is reflected by a moving target and received back by the module. The module comprises a disc-form Shottky diode or Gunn diode acting as both oscillator and mixer and forming part of micro strip circuitry and signal processing circuitry which processes the reflected signal to extract relevant target information. The signal processing circuitry can be physically displaced from the module and connected to it by a coaxial line. By operating the diode in the diplex mode the requisite target information can be provided for with a compact construction. A microwave movement detector comprising a microwave generating and receiving module for use in generating and transmitting a microwave signal to be intercepted and reflected by a moving target and for receiving the reflected microwave signal from said target, wherein the microwave generating and receiving module comprises micro strip circuitry in combination with a diode acting as both an oscillator and a mixer, said detector further comprising modulating means for modulating the generated microwave signal so that quantitive information as to target range, velocity and direction can be obtained, whereby the detector operates in accordance with a diplex configuration, wherein said detector includes a transmitter for transmitting the modulated generated microwave signal, and wherein the modulating means repetitively switches the transmitter of the microwave generating and receiving module between two frequencies to provide a signal having two spectral lines separated by gaps between t he frequencies. This invention relates to a microwave movement detector particularly although not exclusively for use as an intruder alarm. An object of the present invention is to provide a microwave movement detector which is sensitive and reliable in operation yet which can be constructed in a simple and inexpensive manner with a conveniently small and compact format. 5.2 GENERAL STUDY RELATED TO THE MMD: According to one aspect of the invention therefore a microwave movement detector comprises a microwave generating and receiving module for use in generating a transmitted microwave signal to be intercepted by a moving target and for receiving a reflected microwave signal from such target, in which the module comprises microstrip circuitry in combination with a Shottky diode arranged to act both as an oscillator and also as a mixer. With this arrangement, great operational sensitivity and reliability can be achieved and yet the module can be constructed in a simple and inexpensive manner as a conveniently small and compact device. In one embodiment the module may be in the form of a thin disc having a thickness of, say 0.5 cm, and a diameter which may be as small as about 3 cm. The said module may be connected to signal processing circuitry responsive to the relationship between the transmitted and reflected signals, for example so as to produce an output whenever target movement is detected, or only so as to produce an output when one or more parameters of such movement (range, velocity, direction) are of a predetermined nature or changes in a predetermined manner. Most conveniently, said signal processing circuitry may be provided in the form of a signal processing module separate from the aforesaid generating and receiving module, and, in accordance with one embodiment, the two modules may be up to 100 m away from each other and interconnected by a simple coaxial or twin cable. The signal processing module may be powered by mains supply, or a 12 V d.c. battery or otherwise as appropriate, and such module may also act to supply operating power to the generating and receiving module. The output produced by the signal processing module may be utilized for alarm purposes to actuate a separate remote warning bell or siren or buzzer or the like. Alternatively, if desired, the movement detector of the invention may incorporate an alarm module connected to the said signal processing module and arranged to produce modulated warning tone when actuated by said output. Such alarm module may incorporate a stand-by rechargeable battery. As mentioned above, the detector of the invention may operate in the manner of a simple Doppler detector sensitive only to movement, but preferably the transmitted microwave signal is modulated so that quantitative information as to range, velocity and direction can be obtained, the detector thereby operating in accordance with a diplex configuration. With such diplex configuration, advantageously the requisite information can be obtained with a particularly simple construction. In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, the diplex, configuration is such that the transmitter is repetitively switched between two frequencies say 3 MHZ apart at X-band to give two discrete spectral lines separated by 3 MHZ . The magnitude of such frequency difference may be decreased with increase in the maximum range to be measured (beyond say 25 m). The reflected signal from a moving target results, after mixing in the Shottky diode, in a reflected signal which is a composite of two Doppler signals sampled sequentially at the modulation rate (say 10 kH Z ). The relative phase of these Doppler signals provides range and velocity sense information, whilst the Doppler beat frequency is proportional to the target velocity relative to the detector. The switching of the transmitter between the two frequencies may be achieved by square-wave modulation of the Shottky diode bias current. With such square-wave modulation particularly simple video circuitry may be used, however sinusoidal modulation may alternatively be used and this allows improved range resolution without reducing the maximum unambiguous range. With regard to the Shottky diode, this may be a conventional barrier injection transit time device formed from a p + np + construction. Alternatively, a specially fabricated ion-implanted device or an `electron` type Shottky diode may be utilized. While the utilization of a Shottky diode constitutes an essential feature of the first aspect of the present invention, it has been found that the utilization of a Gunn diode (i.e. a transfer electron diode) may be advantageous in the context of the present invention in the case where microstrip circuitry of diplex configuration (as described above) is also utilized. Thus, and in accordance with a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a microwave movement detector comprising a microwave generating and receiving module for use in generating a transmitted microwave signal to be intercepted by a moving target and for receiving a reflected microwave signal from such target, in which the said module comprises microstrip circuitry in combination with a Gunn diode arranged to act both as an oscillator and as a mixer, said circuitry being of diplex configuration. Whilst it is anticipated that the present invention will find particular application in the context of an intruder alarm such as a burglar alarm, it is to be understood that the invention is not intended to be restricted to this field of application and the detector of the invention may be utilized for detecting movement of persons or vehicles or any other suitable targets in any suitable environment for any suitable purpose. When utilized as an intruder alarm the said generating and receiving module, due to its possible small size, can be easily and conveniently concealed. Also multiple such modules may be utilized together to enable a large area to be protected. By virtue of the range gate facility, false alarms can be minimized. In the case where the invention is applied to the monitoring of vehicles, a standard Doppler format may be used. Selective monitoring can be achieved by virtue of the direction sense of the detector, and the range gate facility is useful in distinguishing vehicles in a cluttered environment. In the case where the invention is applied to the counting of persons entering or leaving an enclosure, due to the direction sense of the detector it is possible to distinguish between persons entering and leaving. Due to the use of the Shottky diode in diplex mode in microstrip circuitry, and having regard to the fact that the diode acts both as oscillator and mixer, a particularly simple, inexpensive and compact construction results. It is of course to be understood that the invention is not intended to be restricted to the details of the above embodiment which are described by way of example only. 5.3 THE MMD HOW OUR DESIGN WORKS: 3.2.1 All the RF magic is accomplished with Q3 and D1. Q3 is a free running microwave oscillator operating at a frequency of approximately 1.0 GHz. The frequency is determined by the length of the etched strip line and the lead lengths (inductance) of the associated oscillator components. 3.2.2 The microwave RF energy that is developed by the oscillator is radiated in an omni-directional pattern from the antenna. This radiated energy will fill the surrounding area with radio waves. These waves will be reflected back toward the antenna. 3.2.3 Heres where the Doppler Effect comes in. If within that area there is an object that is moving, the waves that are reflected will either be higher in frequency if the object is moving closer or lower if moving away. The MD3 doesnt really care which direction; it is only looking for a frequency difference. 3.2.4 The radiated signal and the redirected signal are mixed at diode D1. The difference in the two frequencies provides the input to U1: C pin 10. This frequency (the difference) is in the range of 10 Hz to 40 Hz. U1: C is the amplifier that feeds the sensitivity potentiometer R8. 3.2.5 Transistors Q1 and Q2 function as a very precise voltage regulator providing the proper bias to the amplifiers. 3.2.6 U1: D functions as a band pass filter and amplifier. Buffer amplifier U1: A provides the drive to output transistor Q4. CHAPTER: 6 INTERFACING TECHNIQUES If we want to extend this project at higher level we are required to interface the MMD circuit output with the extended circuitry with the help of following circuit diagrams. (THESE TECHENQUES HAS NOT BEEN USED IN OUR PROJECT) 6.1 INTERFACING CIRCUITS: The MD-3 output transistor provides a pulse when motion is sensed. Here a probably asked question is, â€Å"How do I make it do something?† We can interface this circuit with many other circuits; a few examples are given below. 6.1.1 Interfacing with the relay can drive another circuit; it may be a light, a camera, an alarm system etc. 6.1.2 The microwave motion detector circuit can be interfaced with a transistor (PNP or NPN).This transistor act as a relay it can also drive some other circuits; it could be a light or any security system or an automatic door opening system. 7.1 CONCLUSION

Gay and Lesbian Issues - Gender Identity in Gumbys Adventures :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Gay and Lesbian Issues - Gender Identity in Gumby's Adventures When Jerry Falwell's conservative paper "outted" Tinky-Winky (the purple Teletubby) as being gay, fans of the Teletubbies television series usually fell into two camps: those who supported Tinky-Winky as a positive gay character and those who maintain Tinky-Winky has no developed sexual identity. A few unfamiliar with the BBC/PBS show asked the question, "how can you even tell if Tinky-Winky's male?" Brushed off by most fans as a naive inquiry, this concern does merit discussion. How do we, as television viewers, determine gender identities for non-human characters? How is this complicated for children's characters? Sometimes obvious cues are given to viewers. For instance, Mickey and Minnie Mouse are undeniably male and female. Due to current moral standards (at the time of Mickey's and Minnie's creation, but also now), genitalia is not graphically displayed in children's programming. Of course, genitalia is only an indicator of physical identity, which may be different from the gender identity an individual accepts. Instead of physical clues, we look for other signs of masculinity and feminity. Mickey is usually a man's name, although that is not always the case. Minnie is almost always a female's name. Minnie wears a dress, thus presenting herself as female. Minnie's high-pitched voice (higher than Mickey's) also forces viewers to accept her as female. The actions of Minnie are keeping with those of traditional females. It is not "Steamboat Minnie." Minnie does not break any stereotypes. Mickey controls most of the action, receives most of the press, and is the most famous of all Disney chara cters. It is Mickey's show; Minnie's just along for the occasional cameo. But what happens when clothes are no longer an issue? None of the Teletubbies regularly wear clothes; neither do the characters of Gumby's Adventures. Yet ask any child familiar with the characters and they'll like answer that Gumby and Pokey are boys. How can they tell? How do they determine those assignments? Defining Goo Goo, from Gumby's Adventures, is Gumby's closest female friend (non-family member). Her blue body is shaped like a cross between a seal and a raindrop. Long blond hair (made of yarn) signals to most people that Goo is female; her high-pitched voice and long eyelashes usually cement the decision. While a few physical indicators exist, it is the way Goo is treated by the boys around her that truly identity her as girl and thus Other.

Critical Approaches Paper: The Wife of Bath Essay

Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400) was an English author, poet, philosopher, courtier as well as a diplomat. Sometimes referred to as the father of English literature, the man is most famous for The Canterbury Tales. Chaucer’s major works also include the translation of Roman de la Rose; The Book of the Duchess; The House of Fame; Anelida and Arcite; The Parliament of Fowls; the translation of Boethius’ Consolation of Philosophy as Boece; Troilus and Criseyde; The Legend of Good Women; and the Treatise on the Astrolabe (Geoffrey Chaucer, 2007). Being a well-rounded intellectual, Chaucer was aware of the gender stereotypes permeating his medieval society. As a matter of fact, men of the Middle Ages deeming marriage â€Å"a full great sacrament† took most seriously the woman’s promise â€Å"to honor and obey. † The slightest breach of this vow of obedience was hailed as a crying offense to both God and man. The principal vice of the medieval times was pride. Disobedience was but an offshoot of this self same vice. And so, obedience was due not only unto God and one’s parents, but, as the old phrase went, â€Å"to husbands and other benefactors and sovereigns. † Women were known to be subjected to men, and there was not as much thought poured over women’s equal right to manage affairs. Thus, we find in medieval literature instances such as the ones briefly touched on by Frederick Tupper (1968) in Types of Society in Medieval Literature: An old Parisian benedict of the fourteenth century, playing mentor to his young bride offsets Petrarch’s story of the obedient Griselda with the example of a wife rightly burned for the disobedience into which she was led by her pride – quite as CRITICAL APPROACHES PAPER: THE WIFE OF BATH Page # 2 grievous an offense this, so he tells us many times, as the fault of Eve or of Lucifer. It was during this period that Chaucer chose to represent his woman in literature – the Wife of Bath – as an extraordinary lady who believed in subjecting her men to her desires. The lady is open to express her views about a different role that women can play despite the essential gender stereotypes of medieval society. The Wife of Bath has control of her husbands’ property, presumably acquired through successive marriage settlements. She therefore has no need to make efforts to please her mates, if such efforts would have given her greater authority over her men in terms of wealth or pleasure. According to her Prologue, her first three husbands had â€Å"bad luck in bed,† for which they are chided by her. The woman would demand payment in bed, in return for which she would make payment (sexually) of the marriage debt she owed them (Nelson, 2002). Knowing that all medieval women do not behave like her when it comes to controlling their husbands’ property or getting money out of them, the Wife of Bath is asking young girls to back out of marriage altogether. Why please a man when it is more fruitful over all to please and serve God? – is her final argument on the question of marriage. The Wife of Bath says that three of her husbands were good, and two were bad. The first three were rich, old, and submissive, although she tormented them with accusations that were total lies – she confesses to the rest of the pilgrims. She accused her husband of having an affair, for example, and then launched into a tirade in which she charged him with a bewildering array of accusations. If one of her husbands got drunk, the Wife of Bath claimed that every wife was out to destroy her husband in particular. She also made her husband feel guilty this way, and so CRITICAL APPROACHES PAPER: THE WIFE OF BATH Page # 3 he gave her what she wanted. The Wife of Bath admits that she deliberately caused her husbands grief. She teased them in bed by refusing to give them full satisfaction until they had promised her money. She says that she made them work at night, in fact, to pay her marriage â€Å"dette. † What is more, the woman admits proudly that she used her verbal and sexual power to bring her husbands to total submission. In point of fact, the Wife of Bath uses the same tactic, i. e. , verbal power to bring the young knight to total submission in her Tale. She confesses in her Prologue that she failed to follow the marriage rule of â€Å"biheste is dette. † But when the young knight in her Tale is sentenced to death by King Arthur’s court for raping a defenseless young woman, his only chance to escape the penalty of execution is to find the answer to the question, ‘What do women want most? ’ The young man’s search for the answer is fruitless until he meets an old woman who promises to give him the answer if he would promise her, in return, to grant the request she makes of him. The rapist promises to keep his word, and after he has supplied Arthur’s queen with the answer that can save his life, the old woman asks him to marry her. In this case, as in the personal story of the Wife of Bath, the woman is subjecting the man unto herself by asking him to make a promise for something in return (Nelson). The Wife of Bath is knowledgeable enough to admit that more than a few Fathers of the Church, including the Apostle Paul, had proclaimed the importance of virginity. But if virginity was so critical, there would be someone still to produce virgins! Thus, she would leave virginity to the perfect, and allow herself instead to use her gifts as best as she could. Besides her use of intellect in marital affairs, undoubtedly the gift that she refers to is sexual power. She uses this power not only to enjoy her life to the full, but as an instrument to manipulate her men as well. CRITICAL APPROACHES PAPER: THE WIFE OF BATH Page # 4 Patricia Clare Ingham (2002) calls the Wife of Bath one of the most ingenious readers in the history of literature, and sees the aggressive â€Å"re-reading of scripture† on the part of the Wife of Bath as a means of displaying and resisting the medieval anti-feminist tradition or misogyny. The Wife of Bath frequently misquotes the scriptures. Scholars believe that these â€Å"misreadings† of texts were a mark of political and cultural acuity on the part of the Wife of Bath, as these bad readings give us a clearer picture of the culture of the time and the medieval gender relations (Schibanoff, 1986). The Wife of Bath’s re-readings of scripture have additionally been referred to as a â€Å"utopian group fantasy,† whereby the women would direct themselves against the anti-feminist tradition of the time, which was actually a social institution that was neither necessary nor the only face of truth of the Middle Ages. This idea of â€Å"group† or sorority was, in fact, explored by Brian W. Gastle, who wrote that although it is difficult to prove that women had gathered forces to beat the odds, there may have been a sorority of this kind that functioned outside the boundaries set by the established guilds to which working women also belonged. The Wife of Bath, as we know, is into the cloth making business (Ingham). The lady blasts clerkly writers for their biased perspectives, and in so doing, activates the literary tradition for an entirely new set of social uses, such as understanding the importance of women. Her assessment of the politics of writing is interlinked with her representation of the politics of reading. She desires the production of an entirely different kind of literature, the kind that the feminist classroom would read. Her Tale is included in this category, of course, and it is revolutionary. Still, critics worry that the Wife of Bath may be strangely affirming masculine desire through her Tale. As Lynne Dickson (1993) puts it, the Tale may really â€Å"reward the CRITICAL APPROACHES PAPER: THE WIFE OF BATH Page # 5 concession of masculine ‘maistrie’ with the very thing patriarchy wants to begin with. † The Tale is, after all, about a rapist knight who can turn magically into a dutiful husband; and about an aged lady who becomes a sweet young thing yet again; apart from an old middle-class woman, â€Å"comen of so lough a kynde,† who gains status and rule from her aristocrat husband. Most scholars have interpreted the Wife of Bath’s interest in sovereignty of wife over husband as an expression of her dissatisfaction over the rule of her nation. Sovereignty extends beyond the confines of the bourgeois household in this case, given that the Irish were concerned about sovereignty over a nation at the same time as Chaucer and his contemporaries were writing about sovereignty over a husband (Eisner, 1957). Indeed, there do appear to be political questions posed in the Wife of Bath’s Tale, especially when the recalcitrant knight objects to his marriage to the old lady, saying, â€Å"Alas, that any of my nacion/ sholde evere so foule disparaged be! † The old lady wonders aloud if the knight’s rejection comes through his subjection to the laws of the court: â€Å"Is this the lawe of Arthures hous? † she asks; â€Å"Is every knight of his so dangerous? † Only a lady of charisma, of great political insight coupled with leadership qualities, could have addressed intricacies of the political life of the nation at the time of the Wife of Bath when gender stereotypes were comprehensively controlled by the authorities, including the Church. The woman seems to know how to tackle legal terminology to boot (Ingham). She truly is remarkable for the Middle Ages, and deserves a continual round of applause from everyone today. CRITICAL APPROACHES PAPER: THE WIFE OF BATH Page # 6 References 1. Dickson, Lynne. (1993). â€Å"Deflection in the Mirror: Feminine Discourse in the Wife of Bath’s Prologue and Tale. † SAC, 15, 1993, p. 61-90. 2. Eisner, Sigmund. (1957). A Tale of Wonder: A Source Study of the Wife of Bath’s Tale New York: Burt Franklin. 3. Geoffrey Chaucer. (2007). Wikipedia. Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer. (24 February 2007). 4. Ingham, Patricia Clare. (2002). Pastoral Histories: Utopia, Conquest, and the Wife of Bath’s Tale. Texas Studies in Literature and Language, Vol. 44, Issue 1. 5. Nelson, Marie. (2002). Biheste Is Dette: Marriage Promises in Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales. Papers on Language & Literature, Vol. 38, Issue 2, 2002, p. 167. 6. Schibanoff, Susan. (1986). â€Å"Taking the Gold out of Egypt: The Art of Reading as a Woman† In Gender and Reading: Essays on Readers, Texts and Contexts (Ed. Elizabeth Flynn and Patrocinio P. Schweickart). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. CRITICAL APPROACHES PAPER: THE WIFE OF BATH Page # 7 7. Tupper, Frederick. (1968). Types of Society in Medieval Literature New York: Biblo and Tannen.

Top Essay Referencing Tips for Everyone

Top Essay Referencing Tips for Everyone The Best Essay Referencing Tips Each University has its referencing requirements. We have provided some top tips on essay referencing for you to get your best essay grade. Browse †¦the most famous essay referencing systems, such as Harvard (parenthetical) and Oxford (footnotes). If you have no idea how to use them, just browse the internet and find some instructions on how to use those major systems. Define †¦whether your professor expects you to use a certain system. As a rule, you get clear specifications on the format, content, and references. So do not just use your own thoughts, but adopt the necessary referencing system. Be aware when †¦to reference, while it doesn’t mean to use quotes only. Not only direct quotation requires you to make references, but paraphrasing also means that you have to use references. Once your material depends on other material, it is mandatory to use references. Be careful Referencing is crucial for any academic work, while the reader can get back to the origin of your ideas and various external sources. It is crucial to do a thorough research to provide complete information in your essay. Be coherent You have to be clear, so it is recommended to determine your own system. Your reader will be distracted if you use reference inconsistently. It means that your thoughts are provided carelessly and with lack of attention. Avoid †¦different publication dates. Lots of books have overcome different reprints. Your aim is to make sure that your references can be found on the stated pages and in the stated volumes. As a rule, you have to cite the date of the publication used. However, sometimes, it is necessary to state the date of the original publication, as well. Translation In case you used the translated source, you should use the above-mentioned tip, while the version in the original language was published at least one year earlier. Never mention the translator as the co-author. It will surely reduce your grades. Authors and editors You should not confuse authors and editors, and should always refer to authors. Be precise There are different types of essays and different specificity levels, such as author, page number and year, or just author and year. You can surely choose one of them but still, stick to the established rules of your system. Learn from published academics The best tip is better once to see than a hundred times to hear. You can find such samples in any journal article, which contains the list of references, along with all the edited volumes, translations, reprints, etc. browse the text, too, to get an idea of how to make footnotes or parenthetical referencing the best.

Free Essays on Suicide In Shakespeare

give me a immense feeling of sorrow and pity for Hamlet because it must take a lot of pain and suffering for someone to wish to take his own life. That is not something I fell is right, but I can understand the reason why Hamlet wants to die. Hamlet also expresses that there is nothing left in this world for him to live for. This feelings are not only expressed by Shakespeare through Hamlet, but it I have seen it the world today. For example, in the movie What Dreams May Come the death of a woman’s husband drives her to suicide because of the pain she feels, and she believes that there is nothing left for her to live for. She feels hollow and empty inside and decides the only way to end her pain and the feeling of emptiness is to take her own l... Free Essays on Suicide In Shakespeare Free Essays on Suicide In Shakespeare â€Å"O, that this too too solid flesh would melt, Thaw, and resolve itself into a dew! Or that the Everlasting had not fixed His canon ‘gainst self-slaughter! O God! God! How weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable Seem to me all the uses of this world!† -Hamlet -Act I, Scene 2, page 16 The topic of suicide is a controversial subject that many people choose to avoid, but Shakespeare approached the subject in his play Hamlet. I enjoyed reading how Shakespeare incorporated this subject into his play. He explores it mainly through the character of Hamlet. In the first four lines in the above passage, Hamlet wants to melt away, to disappear, or to exist no longer. He asks why God made suicide a sin because he does not want to cope with the grief of his father dying and his mother remarrying his uncle. The way Shakespeare conveys these feelings into the words of Hamlet are beautiful. He just does not say that I want to die, but uses eloquent words to allow the reader to visualize Hamlet’s thoughts in saying how he wants his flesh to melt, thaw and change to dew. I feel Hamlet’s strong feelings of pain when he asks why God had to make suicide a sin. Shakespeare’s words give me a immense feeling of sorrow and pity for Hamlet because it must ta ke a lot of pain and suffering for someone to wish to take his own life. That is not something I fell is right, but I can understand the reason why Hamlet wants to die. Hamlet also expresses that there is nothing left in this world for him to live for. This feelings are not only expressed by Shakespeare through Hamlet, but it I have seen it the world today. For example, in the movie What Dreams May Come the death of a woman’s husband drives her to suicide because of the pain she feels, and she believes that there is nothing left for her to live for. She feels hollow and empty inside and decides the only way to end her pain and the feeling of emptiness is to take her own l...

The Passover-The Exodus Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Passover-The Exodus - Assignment Example The strong connection to the past may be important for other religious systems as well since the majority of they originated long ago and many believers may have lost the touch of the original message. Moreover, the true nature of rituals is an important issue for every religion as it wants people to gain valuable experiences. 2. The rabbi in question states an interesting aspect with regard to human rights, freedom and responsibility. She argues that while the modern Jews in particular and people in general are free, they should also be seen as slaves since no one can be truly free if the positive experience is not shared. I fully agree with her and believe that true freedom does not come with material prosperity, but a development of a unique state of mind that slaves will never possess. 3. There are many powerful symbols on Passover Seder Plate. One of them is egg which is a clear implication of a new life and new possibility. The next one is what is collectively referred to as greens showing that some plants may be dead on the outside, but alive inside and give a new life. The next element is sweets which reflect the stable life while being slaves. Finally, there is a bitter lettuce that people are expected to eat until tears drop from their eyes to understand that freedom also comes with bitterness. The provided statement suggests that such rituals as the Passover try to engage people into activities that they do not usually witness in their ordinary life in order to develop a personal experience of the events which are told. The ritual that I would like to analyze is called the Holy Communion. In the course of it, a person is provided with a peace of bread and some amount of wine that are given by a priest. The bread is thought to be the body of Jesus Christ that is given to the believers to consume. The wine is thought to turn into His blood. So, after this ritual a

Reviewing The Adventures of an IT Leader Assignment

Reviewing The Adventures of an IT Leader - Assignment Example In businesses, management of relationships with competitors, rivals, suppliers, and customers can only be achieved when the business is going on the right track and emerging technologies are being scanned and analyzed. Updating systems and being up-to-date with the new technologies must be the first priority of every IT manager. Sometimes, other business managers fail to understand these meetings and problems as they fail to understand the technical terms and their importance. Whether the IT department receives any attention or not, they must spend a reasonable time to scan the emerging technologies and analyze them for their systems. Sometimes systems are automatically updated and sometimes they need to be updated to utilize certain features. These emerging technologies must be scanned and applied before the business goes into deeper challenges. The first question that Rubens asks regarding the blog entry about the June outage is what has to be done about it. The blog entry is made by a blogger who described the day when all systems in IVK went down for a while. This was bad for the business and managers were looking to the IT manager for answers of how this happened. Such blog entries are made on the internet and they were accessible to everyone. Removing it wasn’t an option as it has already been posted and someone must have the copy (Austin, Nolan & O’Donnell, 2009). Blogs are not even undoable. Thus, for this blog, it was better to leave it as it is and be careful for future blogs. The blog entry hadn’t caused harm to anyone in this firm but such blogs may cause negative consequences to other firms. Every business must have policies to protect the inside information of the company from being publicized. Viruses and hacking are two major problems within the IT field that make it difficult for businesses to maintain their policies. Ruben asks his team about the general policies that should be implemented to prevent such inside