Marijuana: a Gateway to Self Destruction

There has been substantial research which provides information on how Marijuana is not addicting itself, but the way it sakes you feel can be the breaking point to trying other addictive drugs. Research shows, adults who are addicts admit their first time of use and first drug of choice was when they were an adolescent and smoked Marijuana. Until today, many argue for or against legalizing marijuana throughout the united States, and it is still a struggle for some to overcome. As of 2011, Marijuana became legal in 16 States in the united States (Anabas & Cohen, 2011).According to the Office of National Drug Control Policy (OWNED, Bibb there has been Increasing efforts to legalize marijuana which can cause marijuana to rope In price and Increase the use of the drug (OWNED, 2013); keeping It Illegal keeps the price of marijuana up keeping the use rates low. According to Carbon. Org, (Bibb marijuana can be purchased In almost any neighborhood In any city or state In the U. S. , thus con tributing to the pervasive nature of the drug. It is also considered a drug of convenience because it is easily concealed, both for transport and use.This is why it has become widely popular with adolescents or young adults who have a lot of authority figures involved in their lives. Most marijuana users or those with Arizona in their possession do not go to prison. According the OWNED, a survey by the Bureau objectifies Statistics showed that . 7 percent of all state inmates were imprisoned for marijuana possession only because they had pleaded down from a more serious crime (OWNED, 2013). By States legalizing medical marijuana, it makes marijuana more easily obtainable for teens and normalizes It making It seem okay to use.Between the ages of preteen and teens, any disruptions In normal brain development, including chemical disruptions and/or changes can make physiological and psychological changes that can last a lifetime. According to Anabas & Cohen (201 1), early-onset drug use is the single best predictor of future drug problems in an individual (P. 8. 13). Children, whom experiment with any drugs or alcohol, including marijuana, before the age of 12, are four to five times more likely to have major addiction problems than those who wait until after 18 years of age (P. . 13). Adolescents contain less body fat and water content than adults and have immature enzyme metabolism systems. They also â€Å"manifest the condition shortly after beginning use if genetically vulnerable to addiction,† (8. 13). Adolescents are more vulnerable to environmental stress and drug availability and had less time to develop life skills and healthy coping mechanisms (8. 13). Marijuana can have negative effects on the body and makes a person more susceptible to colds, flu, and other viral infections.ETC can lead to â€Å"enhanced growth of tumors, including those response. Marijuana smoking also damages the lungs and other respiratory tissue (Anabas & Cohen, 2011). The legalization of marijuana is making the drug easier to acquire and because of this more and more adolescence are using this drug. With he vulnerability of the young human brain the impact of marijuana can be extremely sever. Legalization is making the use of marijuana a social norm which is slowly leading users to try other drugs, causing marijuana to be a gateway drug.

Frank Mccourt: Angela’s Ashes

In this hard world where winning is more important than participating you would sometimes almost forget to be generous from time to time. But when I read Angela’s Ashes by Frank McCourt I got a completely different view on generosity and the importance of it. This memoir is about the miserable Irish Catholic childhood of the writer. And I think that after this essay you will see that acts of generosity can make the lives of the poor better and that those people afterwards can also help other poor people. Firstly, it were rough times for the McCourt family.Dad -Malachy- was drinking the dole, the family lived in a bad house and children kept dying. The only way the McCourt’s could keep their heads above water was getting help from others. One thing that helped them in their struggle for survival was the St. Vincent the Paul Society. On page 79 they get help for the first time. I quote â€Å"The man in the middle says he’s giving Mam a docket to get a week’ s groceries at McGrath’s shop on Parnell Street. There will be tea, sugar, flour, milk, butter and a separate docket for a bag of coal from Sutton’s coal yard on the Dock road. In my opinion this is generous because I think that generosity means to help someone without gaining profit from it yourself and the St. Vincent de Paul Society doesn’t get anything back for this. That this gift of the St. Vincent de Paul Society is very helpful for the McCourt’s is confirmed by this â€Å"Mam wipes her face at the back of her sleeve and takes the docket. She tells the men, God bless you for your kindness†(page 79). Even though they get some support from the St. Vincent de Paul Society the McCourt family didn’t have enough to be very happy or to not have hunger.Therefore it is very good that others also helped the family sometimes. Another gift that I found generous was that some shopkeepers also gave food to the family for free. â€Å"A few shopkeep ers give bread, potatoes, tins of beans†¦ † (page 90). This, in my opinion, is very generous because those shops are there to make profit and handing out food isn’t profitable for them at all. It’s however very helpful for the McCourt’s. Further on in the book you can also read that Angela could also get credit at Kathleen O’Connell’s shop. Mam says she can now pay off the few pounds that she owes at Kathleen O’Connell’s shop†¦ † (page 133). Of course you could say this isn’t real generosity because Mam has to pay the money back, but I think it is quite generous to give credit to a family that doesn’t have a steady income. Secondly, when Frank is a little older –at the age when he can start working- you can discover a different kind of generosity. The kind of generosity that is more like giving a fishing rod instead of a fish.The first time when you will encounter this type of generosity is w hen Aunt Aggie buys the new clothes for Frank for his job as a telegram boy. â€Å"She takes me to Roche’s Stores and buys me a shirt, a gansey, a pair of short pants, two pairs of stockings and a pair of summer shoes on sale. She gives me two shillings to have tea and a bun for my birthday. She gets on the bus to go back up O’Connell Street too fat and lazy to walk. Fat and lazy, no son of her own, and still she buys me the clothes for my new job† (page 392).I think this is generosity because he now has a suit in which he of course will make a better impression at his new job and he can start making money of his own. In my interpretation Frank appreciated this gift very much because he even cries from happiness â€Å"I turn towards Arthur’s Quay with the package of new clothes under my arm and I have to stand at the edge of the River Shannon so that the whole world won’t see the tears of a man the day he’s fourteen† (page 392). Then after a while he gets fired because he has to deliver a telegram to Mr.Harrington, but he gets falsely accused for stealing ham and sherry. Because of a generous deed of the parish priest he gets his job back. â€Å"She gets a letter from the parish priest. Take the boy back, says the parish priest. Oh, yes father, indeed, says the post office† (page 416). Then when he delivers a telegram to Mrs. Brigid Finucane she asked Frank if he can write letters to her costumers to give her back the money she had leant them. This job yielded him some extra money, so his trip to America came closer and closer. She says, I’ll give you threepence for every letter you write and another threepence if it brings a payment† (page 418). I think it’s very generous from Mrs. Finucane to give this job because it brings Frank closer to his target, going to America. Because of all these acts of generosity towards the McCourt’s and especially Frank McCourt they aren’t the poorest of the poorest. Because they aren’t you can discover some acts of generosity from Frank himself. One generous gesture by him was that he gave his raisin away. I wanted the raisin for myself but I saw Paddy Clohessy standing in the corner with no shoes and the room was freezing and he was shivering like a dog that had been kicked and I always felt sad over kicked dogs so I walked over and gave Paddy the raisin† (page 148). I think it’s very generous to give your food away to someone that has it even worse than you even if you don’t have much yourself. The quote says that Paddy has no shoes. Without acts of generosity towards Frank he probably wouldn’t have them either, so he would have probably eaten the raisin himself.Something else happens much later in the book and that is that Frank throws Mrs. Finucanes’ ledger in the Shannon. This means that a lot of people don’t have to pay her back. †Aunt Aggie’s name i s in the ledger. She owes nine pounds. It might have the money she spent on my clothes a long time ago but now she’ll never have to pay it because I heave the ledger into the river† In my opinion this is a very clear act of generosity because he helps a lot of poor people with this. This is maybe a bit like Robin Hood even.Finally, now we have had a look at how acts of generosity changes the course of events and of lives I think we can conclude that generosity can really change the life of some people. Wouldn’t the McCourt family have died from starvation without generosity? Would Frank McCourt have ever gone to America without generosity? Would Frank have ever been generous to others without generosity from others? I would answer no on all these questions. I also think that generosity leads to more generosity. I hope you will understand this when you look at the last paragraph, because Frank is generous because others have been generous to him.

Aircraft cabin load Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Aircraft cabin load - Essay Example It also provides propulsion and large supply of fuel, food, and engineering parts. Weight knowledge is important to ensure stability of the carrier as this has effect on the operational life of the ship. Space should be enough to support the weight of an aircraft. Density describes how much weight is in a given volume of a material. When a ship is placed in water, it displaces water whose variable is its volume. When a larger volume shipment is placed on the carrier for shipping, it displaces more water equivalent to its volume as compared to a dense shipment and it results to more costs (Schepisi, 2007). A good understanding of the aircraft cabin load by both the producers and the customers provides a good relationship between the two. Customers who understand how ACL influences pricing of products are more satisfied with the costs they incur while shipping their goods. This helps them calculate on the reasonable profits and effective personal business growth (Schepisi, 2007). Knowledge of calculating aircraft cabin load helps the providers understand the procedures of taxing and the key issues that influence the pricing of a commodity. Taxing by the government reduces corruption and promotes economic growth. It is of great importance that the providers and customers understand the calculation of aircraft cabin load for effective shipping. Schepisi, Giuseppe.  The Practical Calculation of the Load Distribution on Aircraft. Neuilly-sur-Seine, France: North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development, 1957.

The Effect of Internet Technology on the Retail Banking Sector Assignment

The Effect of Internet Technology on the Retail Banking Sector - Assignment Example Money too has moved from plastic cards to a form called "e-cash", "e-money" that is highly portable and tradable over the Internet with its attendant risks and advantages. Transaction costs-the hitherto hidden but significant costs of doing business in the past, have come crashing in the Internet Age. In this paper, we examine Williamson's Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) and use it to analyze the impact of Internet Technology on the retail banking sector. Built into Internet technology are features that accelerate information availability, make information "Always Available" to the consumer and almost always secure and private. In this essay, we define "Internet Technology" broadly and "Retail Banking" and its services. We then proceed to explore further in depth the developments in Internet Technology in the last 10 -15 years that have led to the development we call "Internet banking". We then focus our attention on the "retail banking" sector of Internet banking. We use transaction cost economics (TCE) to analyze the "effect" of Internet technology on the retail banking sector. In this analysis, we highlight the benefits, threats and challenges and take a futuristic tour of the direction of Internet banking in the next ten years and its sociological effect on a new meaning of transaction costs. In this section, we define the Internet, Internet technologies and retail banking and take a survey of developments in the past ten years in Internet technology as it relates to banking in general and retail banking transactions in particular. 2.1 Internet Technology The Internet is defined by Webopedia (2006) as "a global network connecting millions of computers" The University of California at Berkeley (UCBerkeley, 2006) provides this definition: "The Internet is a network of networks, linking computers

Tuberculosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tuberculosis - Essay Example The disease is spread by people who have the disease when they either cough, sneeze, spit, or talk. One sneeze can send about 40,000 droplets full of the infection. A person with the disease can spread it to 10-15 people a year with prolonged contact. Tuberculosis is often a difficult disease to diagnose, because of how hard it is to grow the bacterium inside laboratory conditions. Various tests must be done, including x-rays, smears, cultures, skin tests, as well as a look at past medical history. New ways of faster more accurate types of detection of the disease are underway, hoping these quicker ways of detection can help with controlling the disease. Treatment for the drug is given in the form of antibiotics. Long terms of these antibiotics are needed in order to clear the entire bacterium from the body, and is often treated with a combination of antibiotics. However, there are risks involved when combining the different antibiotics, even thought it is helpful incase the bacterium becomes drug resistant to one of the antibiotics. Even with the fast spreading nature of the disease, prevention is still underway. In 1993, the World Health Organization declared that the fast spreading Tuberculosis disease was in fact a global health emergency, and a global plan has gone into effect which aims to save lives from Tuberculosis between 2006-20015. The prevention of Tuberculosis is split into two waves of attack. In the first wave, people who are known to have Tuberculosis are treated, and all people with immerse contact with that person are also found and treated. The second step in prevention the spread of the deadly disease is vaccines. Vaccines are given to children; however an effective vaccine is not available for adults. In some countries, the vaccines is being required to be given to all children under the age of three to try to combat the rapidly spreading bacterium. Several new methods of preventing the disease are also underway. One such

Impact of Dams Building in Bellefonte Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Impact of Dams Building in Bellefonte - Essay Example This place holds lots of water as it is connected to a canal which leads to Susquehanna River and ultimately falls into the ocean. Bellefonte is known for its active trade and economics and holds the value of an industrial center in the middle of rural surroundings. Many other dams on same architectural design were built. These dams were not very deep. They were a mere 10-15 feet deep (low head dams) but they powered the industry all through the 19th century. Now on the Spring Creek, only 10-20 of these dams remain. These dams generated water from the spring and had many impacts on the environment and for the economics. For instance; these dams blocked the way for trout. Trout can jump and it’s hard. These dams also trapped sediments and stopped almost all of the sea flow. Another impact of these dams is that they warm up the water through the dam stream. This dam stream slows down the water flow, which gets more heat from the sun. The sun bakes it and the water gets the relatively high temperature and the result is less vegetation and less shade for animals. Due to an elevated temperature of water, the warmer water rises to the surface and fish also remain near the surface whereas the cold water sinks to the bottom. There is also a large ponding area here which affects a larger portion of the stream. The Spring House here is run by an actual spring and lets 8-10 million gallons of water pass through in a day. A chunk of the area has been sold for natural gas drilling and for other manufacturing concern like drinking bottled water. Bellefonte is a water-rich area and has a huge surplus of water. As the area started developing, more and more industries started mushrooming and the place became noisy and dirty. The industries started dumping waste into the stream and disturbed the natural condition of water and caused disgusting contamination in it. But the good thing is that this was the case many years ago.

There are 3 parts in this assessment and i decided to write about Essay

There are 3 parts in this assessment and i decided to write about topshop this brand. The titles are in the assessment brief and pleas use them as the title for each part of the assessment - Essay Example While some retailers in the competitive environment have lead times in the weeks or even months, Zara has managed to be able to procure their products and have them manufactured and delivered within 15 days when demand requires it. This is unprecedented on this competitive environment, giving Zara much competitive advantage in areas of supply chain, manufacturing, and stock replenishment. In terms of the supply chain, Zara is consistently benchmarked for their efficient supply chain process as no other retailer across the globe has been able to achieve a more workable supply chain which can promise merchandise to be delivered twice daily with new fashions and new stock. The macro environment, in relation to supply chain, supports the ability for Zara to produce fast fashion merchandise and still maintain control over how the business is able to develop new merchandise fashions. There is a well-developed business infrastructure in terms of distribution and the availability of manufacturers of various textiles and fabrics to give Zara a considerable amount of diversity in product line and fashion variety. Zara also maintains ownership of many of these elements of the supply chain, giving them the ability to coordinate activities related to replenishment and distribution at the internal level. While other competitors have to rely on the expertise and timely delivery of supplier services, Zara can ensure these activities are efficient and is not affected as much by breakdowns within the supply chain caused by external inefficiencies. The macro environment is also putting pressure on retailers to adopt new payment systems, since many clothing retailers, including Zara, offer their products online. More convenient and efficient online payment systems are required in order to get consumers interested in making purchases. Therefore, Zara has developed a partnership with PayPal, the international company which provides a multitude of

Reincarnation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reincarnation - Term Paper Example It guarantees to proceed with one's presence in further lives and therefore having a replenished opportunity to accomplish liberation. Another real explanation for accepting resurrection by such a variety of individuals today is that it appears to clarify the distinctions that exist among individuals. Some persons are solid, others are tormented their entire life by physical imperfections and weaknesses. Some people are rich, others are at the edge of starvation. Some individuals have life success and self-realization without being religious; others are followed by losses, disregarding their religious devotion. As reincarnation is bonded with karma, which stresses cause-and-effect relationships and their outcomes; it becomes an ultimate tool for punishment or rewards. The classical paradigm of the rebirth was figured in India, however absolutely not sooner than the ninth century BC, when the Brahmana texts were created. After the Upanishads plainly characterized the idea between the seventh and the fifth century BC, it was received by the other critical Eastern religions which started in India, Buddhism, and Jainism. Because of the spread of Buddhism in Asia, the resurrection was later received by Chinese Taoism, yet no sooner than the third century BC (Valea). The concept of reincarnation is central in Hinduism. Its understanding could not be reached avoiding recognition of the nature of samsara – which is a circle of lives. The liberation from samsara is an ultimate goal of human life, it is called moksha.

Was the American entry into WWI justifiable Why or why not And, was Essay

Was the American entry into WWI justifiable Why or why not And, was the american intervention in Vietnam justifiable why or w - Essay Example At that time, maintaining neutrality was very difficult to maintain for USA. The main rationale was the threat of German invasion over the US. They were approaching Mexico to invade the entire country. For the sake of national defense, President Wilson declared war against German empire on April 2, 1917. The submarine or U-Boat attacks on American trading activity were also not ignorable. If we want to outline the major heads as the underlying reasons, following points will justify the intervention in war: U-Boats or submarine attacks Breakdown of Sussex Pledge Lusitania was sinking Telegram from Zimmerman The actual threat that came from Zimmerman was down point where no more patience could be exercised. By observing the clear threat in the telegram, American President finally decided to declare the war which was already going on in Europe. Some critiques also state that America just took the sympathies from the stakes by cunningly entering in to the war. On the other hand, they jus t made the reasons justified by their own however the situation was still controllable without putting in to the war. 2. Vietnam War The so called reason given by America is prevention of communism spread. The war ended up with failure at high cost of human and monetary damages. It swallowed the lives of 58,000 American soldiers. A large number of militants were permanently disabled because of high stress and continuous warfare activities for long. Historically, it has been notified as a terrible mistake made by American administration. The war involved a huge quantity of chemical spread was over run in Vietnam. For example, nearly 10 percent of the country was intensively sprayed by seventy two million liters of the dangerous chemicals including Agent Orange. That excessive chemical invasion not only affected local citizens but also impugned the lives of American troops in Vietnam. The dioxin that contained Agent Orange influenced the irrigation and water supply system negatively. Along with this, it caused long term effects over the new child births. The new children were getting birth with numerous disabilities like limbless children. The adverse effects of the war still persist in several areas of Vietnam. For instance, it has been reported in 2003 that 650,000 people in the country are still facing post war problems in numerous ways. The main reason was chemicals which were dropped in an unlimited number. The underlying war also caused ill reputation at the end of USA amongst the contemporaries for such a inhumane and terrible warfare. Comparison Vietnam War is often referred to as a misguided warfare while the WW-I had a clear agenda of defense and security. US had to face an open defeat will huge losses with reference to Vietnam War whereas in World War I, US complied with the decided and declared agenda. People favor for the WW1 but it is opposite in case of Vietnam War. The purpose of Vietnam War was economic but the WW1 had a purpose of defense. The administration used only needed and contemporary weapons in the WW1 that did not leave adverse after effects but Vietnam War caused long term excessively horrible effects over the country, people’s health and the overall environment. American economy and budgetary system had to face a huge loss in term of man power (militants) as well as in monetary term. People in US were quite distressed because of

Argue why Willy commits suicide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Argue why Willy commits suicide - Essay Example Willy badly orients in the world, looking at it through pink glasses of his interpretation of the American Dream. His perception is childish and mythopoetic, and as all of us he is awfully afraid that his world can be broken, while as all of us he is not able to find his place beyond the mental frameworks he has built his life on. Loman’s interpretation of the American Dream makes him measure happiness in terms of success and material wellness that can be reached, as in a fairy tale, due to luck and favorable appearance. Abandoned by his father and elder brother, Loman strives for being â€Å"well-liked†. Unable to realize his dreams himself, Willy puts great hopes onto his sons, who fail to justify them. Frightened and directed by false visions, he is constantly lying to himself and people surrounding him. This way he tries to blind himself. â€Å"We never told the truth for ten minutes in this house!† - exclaims Biff. Loman has no friends. At last Willy is aban doned even by his sons. His suicide is first of all his childish attempt to be loved at last. Planting the garden at night, Willy imagines his funerals: â€Å"Ben, that funeral will be massive! Theyll come from Maine, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire! All the old-timers with the strange license plates—that boy will be thunderstruck, Ben, because he never realized—I am known! Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey—I am known, Ben, and hell see it with his eyes once and for all. Hell see what I am, Ben! Hes in for a shock, that boy!† Death is an opportunity to make his sons regret of him and see that his life had meaning. Naively Willy associates his funerals with those of Singleman, to which "hundreds of salesmen and buyers came." Funerals are to become Willy’s triumph. In fact, all his life is waiting for those funerals, demonstrating that he is â€Å"well-liked† and respected, that he has achieved much in life. Willy commits his suicide in hope that his family will get insurance money.

Risk of Schizophrenia Essay Example for Free

Risk of Schizophrenia Essay Over the last few decades Schizophrenia has become embedded in mainstream vernacular as any behavior or emotional response that is out of touch with reality. However even with its popularity heightened through movies and headline news stories, schizophrenia is still one of the most enigmatic and least understood disorders of the brain. With current research focused on the role of neurobiology and functioning on a cellular level, investigative analysis has merited new innovations towards its source, however a single organic cause for the disorder still eludes scientists. Although the foundation of the affliction is still unknown, its effects are well documented and over the next few pages will show the changes in the brain as the disease develops, and how those alterations impact the rest of the body and alter various other functions throughout the viscera. The term Schizophrenia was first coined in 1911 by Swiss psychiatrist Dr. Eugen Bleuler and translates from the original Greek as schizo (split) and phrene (mind), making a literal translation of split-mind, in reference to the disjointed thinking of those with the disease (Johnstone, 1994). Although the term was first used in the early twentieth century, according to scholars a ‘madness’ was described in The Ebers Papyrus, a collection of ancient Egyptian medical papers dating back to 1550 BC, which accurately depicts some of schizophrenia’s symptoms (Johnstone, 1994). With its possible documentation over three millennia ago and its symptoms documented in a myriad of medical journals throughout history, the disorder itself is very rare. Those who are at the highest risk of manifestation are offspring whose parents are both schizophrenic, although even at this rate the risk of manifestation is about forty-six percent. Globally however its prevalence is about 0.9 percent or fifty-eight million people worldwide (Hollandsworth, 1990). According to James G. Hollandworth of the University of Southern Mississippi, schizophrenia is primarily characterized by a disintegration of reality perception, consciousness, and thought process which results in a debilitated proficiency in social and professional faculties (Hollandworth, 1990). While schizophrenia can most arguably be classified as a predominantly genetic affliction, there are others factors which can contribute to its development even without a genetic predisposition. These elements include birth defects such as hypoxia and low birth rate, neuroanatomical anomalies, viral infections, along with low IQ and cerebral  atrophy (Hollandsworth, 1990). While these components in themselves are not sufficient enough to cause the disorder, they result in an increased risk for developing the disease. One theory for the cause of schizophrenia that has been studied with great validity is the dopamine hypothesis. This theory postulates that schizophrenia is caused by an overabundance of the dopamine-dependent areas of the brain causing an imbalance that affects the entire system (Hollandsworth, 1990). For this reason many of today’s schizophrenia treatment drugs inhibit dopamine receptor activity in an attempt to return it to its natural equilibrium. Although even with advances in modern science and new drugs being developed every day, the illness is still only treatable and its symptoms still emerge even with proper medication. Even with its origin unknown, scientists have discovered several chromosomes which when damaged or mutated, greatly increase the risk of developing schizophrenia. The chromosomes in particular that act as catalysts are chromosome numbers twenty-two, six, and eleven (Klar, 2004). Chromosome six contains several genes that are linked with immune response which has given rise to the belief that schizophrenia has some association with weakened disease fighting agents. While damage to this chromosome may be linked to the source of the ailment, it may only be the jump starter that kicks off the path to developing the illness. For as scientists know, a lacking immune response caused by chromosome damage can theoretically leave the body vulnerable to infection, which are facilitators that can bring about the emergence of the disorder (Hollandsworth, 1990). Chromosome twenty-two on the other hand is linked with the dopamine hypothesis as this area houses enzymes that aid in transporting neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters, mainly catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) are essential for the breakdown of dopamine. Any disruptions in this particular area can trigger an overabundance or shortage of dopamine, potentially resulting in developing positive or negative schizophrenia symptoms (Chakravarti, 2002). Lastly, chromosome eleven has been associated with schizophrenia on the grounds of genetic translocation, or a chromosome abnormality caused by faulty rearrangements of various strands of DNA. These faults can occur in any number of genes, however during this process it occurs at times pivotal to cell division, making it easy for genes to be incorrectly rearranged (Klar, 2004). When this happens  it can potentially inhibit the development of lateralization of brain function and act as a precursor not only schizophrenia, but other forms of mental illness as well as cognitive impairments (Klar, 2004). Once the subject has developed schizophrenia it affects the brain in very specific ways. When the disorder itself first begins to emerge its early symptoms manifest themselves in a period called The Prodormal Phase (Neale ump; Oltmanns, 1980). During this phase, which occurs anywhere from six to thirty months before the disease truly emerges, the person may experience social withdrawal, dysphoria, and irritability. As the disorder progresses the symptoms may become more intense, and newer or ‘positive’ symptoms may begin to surface. These positive symptoms can include visual and auditory hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thought processes. In severe cases of thought process deterioration or cognitive slippage, a person can develop schizophasia or ‘word salad’ where a person’s speech is completely incoherent with no understandable thought or message. Following the positive symptoms of the illness, ‘negative’ symptoms can appear as well. These symptoms are aspects of the person’s personality that have been negated by the disease. They are most commonly expressed by the person’s flat or expressionless demeanor, apathy, very little displayed emotion, and continued peculiar behavior (Hollandsworth, 1990). After schizophrenia has completely manifested itself, the patient is usually classified into one of four types. These types are paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, and undifferentiated. Those in the paranoid group display an obsession over their delusions or ha ve hallucinations specifically related to a certain subject or idea, and are usually the most functional of all schizophrenics (Johnstone, 1994). Disorganized types are typically ones who display little emotion and act in a disjointed and inarticulate manner, while catatonic schizophrenics are merely ones who appear in torpor and display lethargic indolence. The undifferentiated type however is hybrid of the three previous types and is a miscellaneous combination of all their symptoms combined (Johnstone, 1994). While the outward symptoms may be relatively easy to recognize, inside the brain is a totally different matter. Schizophrenia can cause structural changes in the brain even though a specific cause for these changes is still unknown. These changes in brain structure are illustrated by larger ventricles, a thicker corpus collosum, a decrease in dendrite  spines in the frontal lobe, disordered hippocampal pyramidal cells, and a shrinkage of the cerebellar vermis, which is mainly responsible for perception. In some studies malformed neuronal migration has been observed which can lead to disjointed thoughts as well as an overall shrinkage of the hippocampus and amygdala (Johnstone, 1994). Due to these changes, a person suffering from the disorder can have reduced functioning in the frontal lobe which can affect their logic and critical thinking skills as well as their ability to successfully plan ahead. This reduced functioning is displayed in the Wisconsin card sorting test, which is administered to measure possible brain damage and assess the functioning of the frontal lobe. Schizophrenics who participate in the test show an inability to successfully transfer their attention to the rules of the exam once they begin. Functional imaging has also shown a lack of activity in the right hemisphere of the frontal lobe during their partaking, which does not increase as the task is administered. It is also shown that in a study by a Dr. Nagy in 1963, that of 260 cases of schizophrenia, roughly fifty-eight percent of the group had some form of cerebral atrophy (Johnstone, 1994). On a cellular level schizophrenia symptoms are thought to be caused by an overabundance of neurotransmitters released between neurons. These neurotransmitters, mainly dopamine and serotonin, in excess can cause hallucinations and delusions which are referred to as ‘positive’ symptoms. Too little of these neurotransmitters however can result in lack of emotion and motivation which mirror the ‘negative’ symptoms of the disorder. Another type of cell affected by schizophrenia is the pyramidal cell in the prefrontal cortex, or the forehead area of the brain. These cells, which are a type of neuron that serve primarily as excitation units in the prefrontal cortex, are shown to have a decrease in basilar dendrite numbers. These basilar dendrites arise from the base of the pyramidal cell’s soma, and with a decrease in their numbers it can indicate a shortened synaptic surface area resulting in possible fallacious thought processing (Broadbelt, Byne, ump; Jon es, 2002). Pyramidal cells in the hippocampus are also known to be affected by the disorder can and cause many of the cells in that area to be thrown into disarray, causing cognitive malfunctions. The treatment of this disorder can vary greatly depending on the person; however dopamine inhibiting antipsychotics are a very popular remedy. Although prevalent, these  medications are not perfect and many scientists claim there is still no concrete connection that schizophrenia is exclusively a result of faulty dopaminergic transmissions (Neale ump; Oltmanns, 1980). It has also been noted that many of the dopamine inhibiting drugs serve only to combat the positive symptoms and leave many of the negative symptoms such as emotional absence unaffected. Another treatment that is still widely used, but much less common is electroconvulsive therapy or shock therapy. This treatment is still very controversial but there has been success in treating schizophrenia symptoms completely, although many patients relapse within six months. Studies have also indicated that although this treatment can be effective there are risks of permanent brain damage. According to Dr. Peter Breggin (2008), a psychiatrist at the State University of New York, shock therapy in animal testing showed statistically significant brain structural abnormalities when compared to animals without it. His study showed the electrical shocks caused changes in the nerve cell walls causing gliosis, or a profound increase in the number of astrocytes in impaired areas of the central nervous system (Breggin, 2008). In conclusion, schizophrenia is unique disorder that affects the brain in many ways, yet manifests itself differently from person to person. As there is no tangible rubric for how the disorder will impact the person, it can be a difficult illness to treat. Its effects on the brain, from enlarged ventricles to a decline in dendrite spines, shows the major impact the illness can have on living a normal life. Although the disorder afflicts just over fifty-eight million people worldwide it is still devastating to those who are affected and while the medical community makes leaps and bounds in understanding the disease, a cure is still far from the horizon. With psychology grant money from universities being invested predominantly in neuropsychology, perhaps sometime in the near future scientists will be able to fully understand this illness and find a successful and permanent cure for it.

The Letter From A Birmingham Jail | Analysis

The Letter From A Birmingham Jail | Analysis Beyond the story of how this famous letter was written, its importance consisted in the defense that makes Martin Luther King of this movement of non-violence and civil resistance, as well as the defense of the methods used by the African American culture against actions of segregationist maintained for centuries by the white community who inhabited the southern of United States. This letter is in itself, the summary of the movement against racism and part of the struggle of a great movement in the United States in favor of civil rights that developed in the early 60s. In this letter, Martin Luther King is trying to convince a large majority of people that segregation has a negative impact on the community and trying to report the racial difference that African Americans are suffering in the United States. For this purpose, Martin Luther King Jr mainly uses logic and emotion to describe the agony of African-American people who have to live in a racist society. Throughout the letter h e showed eloquence and knowledge of the issues of the colored people. Martin Luther King mainly uses the logic and the emotion in his letter, but he also makes use of ethics to illustrate some problems of that society. Through the use of these resources he was able to explain to the world the segregation that African American people were living at that time. The letter especially tries to be focused on the themes related to the segregation of the Afro-American population taking critical points such as the phases of the not violent action, the need of the peaceful provocation, the response to the accusations of extremism, the Churchs attitude toward social injustices. Martin Luther King used Jr. prose full of logic and extremely powerful examples to convey a basic message that injustice cannot succeed if those who fight for justice are willing to suffer for defending it. He sets an example that justice is only for the benefit of some, and when it comes over a colored person there is no justice. Their arguments are at the same academic level, social and religious that the majority of their opponents. It is due to the low or zero response from the authorities and the community in general that the Civil Rights Movement decides to launch a campaign of direct action, which it was based on implementing different forms of peaceful demonstration such as economic boycott, and sit-ins in those establishments in which segregationist actions were held against the Afro-American. These forms of expression intended to create a state of tension without resort to violence. For Martin Luther King, the negotiation is definitely the key concept of peaceful civil resistance and to reach this place, it is necessary as a last resort the direct action. In Birmingham, the economic boycott against traders responded to the use of the last recourse used by Martin Luther King to fight against racial signs that were displayed by the white community in their establishments. Despite segregation was prohibited the reality under the acts for African Americans was very different. This kind of social discrimination was completely internalized in the white community; manifested in all possible forms and types within the daily lives of Americans southern towns. The African American community was tired of waiting to justice and double standards for the a pplication of the law, which is a conscious act of the last 340 years of the history of the African American community this allowed them to require proper use and application of the law, but it also allowed them to break the laws that are unfair; an unjust law is no such law as written on this letter by Martin Luther King paraphrasing St. Thomas Aquinas. Hence that disobedience to the laws and ordinances of segregation match historically with other movements such as of the Gandhi. In this letter, Martin Luther King described in a strong sense the emotions and feelings that afro Americans lived. He tries to show people the negative effect of segregation. Martin Luther King wrote about the emotional impact that represented among colored people live through such harsh conditions; For this, he puts concrete examples such as when you see the vast majority of your twenty million Negro brothers smothering in an airtight cage of poverty in the midst of an affluent society; when you suddenly find your tongue twisted and your speech stammering as you seek to explain to your six year old daughter why she cannot go to the public amusement park that has just been advertised on television, and see tears welling up in her eyes when she is told that Funtown is closed to colored childrenà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ . Throughout the letter can be seen a progressive rise in tone when he writes words like injustice it does so with greater emphasis, showing which words are most sal ient in his letter and what concepts revolve around the racial problem experienced by African Americans. Furthermore, when write of the unfair treatment that afro Americans suffer when faced with the laws of the whites, notably Martin Luther King expresses his discomfort, thus giving more drama and excitement to his words; just as when he writes of women, children, and old, trying to sensitize people. Martin Luther King seeks to engage readers in the letter so that they feel the tension of the situations experienced by colored people, while asking them to keep fighting for their ideals. Another example is when he criticizes the police force because they mistreat colored people regardless of age or sex, and gives the example of when he was in jail and saw the injustice committed by the police. For this, he uses a highly detailed description of what he saw: I doubt that you would so quickly commend the policemen if you were to observe their ugly and inhumane treatment of Negroes here in the city jail; if you were to watch them push and curse old Negro women and young Negro girls; if you were to see them slap and kick old Negro men and young boys; if you were to observe them, as they did on two occasions, refuse to give us food because we wanted to sing our grace together. With this example, he tried to make people who did not go through this suffering understand the reasons of why colored people needed a fair law of no discrimination. For Dr. King, the differentiation between a just and an unjust law becomes of the moral and Christian ethics, so in the words of Dr. King A just law is a man made code That Squares with the moral law or the law of God. This is a religious tinge that highlights the thinking and action of the Civil Rights movement headed by Martin Luther King, and sets it apart from other movements such as the Muslim movement of Elijh Muhammad that it was a more radical movement. However, they agreed on the fact of the struggle for equal rights regardless of the color of the skin. In another hand, Martin Luther King also criticized the ethics and morals of the white churches and challenges them in welcoming African Americans to Their worship service on a no segregated basis. Even in his essay criticizes the moral character of the reverends of his time who had no respect for colored people. In his famous letter,Martin Luther King Jr claims to some clergymen, the little knowledge or having a lot of ignor ance about the movement for civil rights, regrets the ethics of a state seeking through silence suppression motion, and deplores the approach adopted by the religious authorities of Birmingham City; in the words of Martin Luther King, Birmingham is probably the most thoroughly segregated city in the United States, For this reason Martin Luther King Jr chose this city to undertake different types of peaceful actions in order to put an end to the prevailing racism. In conclusion, Martin Luther King in his Letter from Birmingham Jail confesses that he feels extremely disappointed with the white community that ignores the suffering of African Americans, who promise equality but after all cannot fulfill their promise, of the police force instead of enforcing the laws violate the laws, and the clergymen who do not enforce the divine laws. In Birmingham, they used a variety of methods of nonviolent direct action, including occupations of buildings, and local churches protests, but the city got a court order to suppress all these protests. With the conviction that the order was unconstitutional, the campaign challenged it and prepared for the detention of his supporters. Martin Luther King was chosen to be among those arrested. The congruence of his principles and arguments that demonstrated such as logic and emotion gave him the moral to ask to disobey a law that in a text can be fair but in practice never took place. The movement of Martin Luther K ing against the common practice of segregation in the southern United States, and specifically in the case of Birmingham Alabama, determined in part the future of the Civil Rights action in the United States, because it showed the injustice of which were subject the African American community. The civil disobedience and peaceful resistance practiced against racist and segregationist South in the United States; showed further innovation in the methods of resistance that allowed the start of a gradual change in the application of justice and, therefore, once again the construction of a truly democratic society, plural and equal to all Americans. Throughout his essay Martin Luther King tries to state the purpose of his letter that are injustice and inequality. I think he had a significant impact on his readers because he could combine two important points in this essay the logic and emotion. He used emotion giving examples of how white people treated colored people and used logic with evidence demonstrating the truth. The combinations of these two elements had as a result a clear and concise essay that can convince of their arguments to the majority of its readers.

six main principles in the property insurance

six main principles in the property insurance In property insurance, there are six main principles that govern a contract of insurance. If one of those requirements is not met by the insured or the insurer, the contract could be avoided. The main six principles that apply to property insurance include; Insurable interest, utmost good faith, indemnity, contribution, subrogation and proximate cause. In an Insurance contract, a person is not insuring the property as such, but the interest in that property. If a person is said to have an insurable interest on a property, he should enjoy benefits from its existence and would suffer a financial loss from its destruction .The case, Lucena v. Crauford expresses this point well; A man is interested in a thing to whom advantage may arise or prejudice happen from the circumstances which may attend ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ To be interested in the preservation of a thing is to be so circumstanced with respect to it as to have benefit from its existence, prejudice from its destruction. When an owner of a factory wants to insure his premises, he must demonstrate to the insurer that he has an insurable interest in the factory. He should benefit from the existence of the factory and would suffer a financial loss if it is damaged. The law requires that a person has a real interest in a property. A mere hope or expectation of acquiring an interest in the future does not create an insurable interest. The interest must also be a legal interest. The Macaura case held that An insured had an interest in his shares not in the property of the company for which he held shares in. Insurable Interest may arise by common law, by contract and by statue. The most common example of insurable interest is the interest which a person has in property which they own. Ownership is an interest which is recognised and protected by law. However, holding title of property is not necessary. Thus, a bailee has an insurable interest in its customers goods. A tenant has an insurable interest in the leased premises which he occupies. Other types of persons who have an interest to insure are; Mortgagees, mortgagors, lessees, shared or joint owners, trustees, legal guardians and people living together. Possession gives you also the legal interest to insure. According to the Marine Insurance Act 1906, Insurable Interest must exist at the time of the loss but not necessarily at inception. In fire and accidental policies, the Acts require that there must be insurable interest also at inception. A policy without interest is generally void and premiums could be recovered. The rationale behind the principle of insurable interest is to ensure that contracts of insurance are not taken as gambling transactions.   Insurance contracts are defined as contracts of utmost good faith or contracts of uberrimae fidei. The insurer relies on the truthfulness and integrity of the proposer whilst the insured relies on the companys promise to provide adequate cover and to pay claims. In commercial contracts, the doctrine of Caveat Emptor (let the buyer be aware) applies. The proposer knows more about the risks which are linked with a property, whilst the insurer knows nothing. The proposer needs to positively disclose all information, even if not asked. This principle applies also to the insurer. This doctrine emerged from the case Carter v. Boehm; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the special facts, upon which the contingent chance is to be computed, lie more commonly in the knowledge of the insured only: the underwriter trusts to his representation, and proceeds upon confidence that he does not keep back any circumstance in his knowledge, to mislead the underwriter into a belief that the circumstance does not exist, and to induce him to estimate the risquà © as if it did not exist. The duty of the proposer is to disclose all facts or circumstances that are material to the risk. A material fact, as stated in the Marine Insurance Act 1906 is; every circumstance is material which would influence the judgment of a prudent insurer in fixing the premium or determining whether he will accept the risk or not. Material facts hold the basics of a decision. Insurance companies use proposals forms to help the insured in giving the right information. A surveyor may also be sent to a property to inspect clearly the risk. Insurance slips are used in the case of brokers to gather material facts. If for example, a factory is located near a fireworks factory, the fact needs to be disclosed by the owner when filling the proposal form. The fireworks factory is an external factor that makes the risk higher. If the fact is not disclosed and damage is caused to the factory, the insurer has a right to avoid paying the claim and will also be entitled to avoid the contract. The fact must be material at the date at which it should be communicated to the insurer. A fact which was not material when the contract was made but becomes material later on; need not be disclosed. However, the insured has an obligation to disclose the material facts which he has control of. Facts which by their nature improve the risk need not be disclosed. At common law, the duty of disclosure continues until the contract is formed. At renewal the duty of disclosure is revived. A  warranty  is a promise by the insured to do certain things or to satisfy certain requirements. If the insured breaches the warranty, the insurer can void the contract and refuse to pay for a claim. A breach of good faith may take the form of misrepresentations and non-disclosure. Whether there is fraud or not, insurers have the right to avoid the contract ab-initio. If fraud is discovered, the insurer can sue for damages and keep the premium. Insurers can also waive their rights and allow the contract to stand. If the insurers are in breach of their duty, the insured will be entitled to avoid the contract. Indemnity requires that the insured is placed in the same financial position as he occupied immediately before the loss. In effect, this principle aims to prevent the insured from making a profit out of his loss. This principle is applied where the loss suffered is measurable in terms of money. It does not apply where it is not possible to measure the financial loss caused by the death of the insured or bodily injury sustained by him. Indemnity is important as it deals in part with moral hazard. In the case Castellian v. Preston, Mr. Justice remarked: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the contract of insurance à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is a contract of indemnity only, and this contract means that the assured, in case of a loss against which the policy has been made, shall be fully indemnified, but shall never be more than fully indemnifiedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Sometimes, property loses value for reasons other than depreciation. In many of these cases, market value is used to calculate cash value. If an insurer pays a replacement cost deducting depreciation, that is higher than the market value, then some property owners would be tempted to destroy their property to get the higher value over what they would get selling it in the market. Indemnity is a contractual principle and not a statutory one. The policy can be varied to provide either more or less than a strict indemnity. The Sum insured is usually the maximum recovery possible. If the sum insured is less than the value of the property, the principle of average is applied. The person who underinsures is considered his own insurer for the difference. Excesses, franchises and policy limits are other factors that limit the insureds entitlement to full indemnity. When cover is on a new for old or reinstatement basis, insurers pay for the full cost of rebuilding as new with no deduction for wear and tear. Agreed value policies enable also the insured to recover more than a strict indemnity. The methods of providing indemnity are; repair, replacement, reinstatement and cash. Indemnity is applied at the date and place of loss. Under property insurance, the policyholder can recover only the amount of the value of the property. As regards to buildings, the basis of indemnity is the repair or rebuilding cost at the time of loss, with a deduction for betterment. With a reinstatement clause, no reductions are applied for depreciation. Insurers are entitled to receive any salvage left. The goods become the property of the insurers if they make a full indemnity payment. The principle of indemnity is closely related to both the requirements of an insurable interest; an insured can only be indemnified to the extent of his insurable interest and insurance is not gambling; the insured doesnt win or lose. Contribution is about the sharing of losses between insurers when double insurance exist. Contribution is another principle that aids indemnity. Since indemnity forbids the insured from recovering more than the loss, then he cannot recover the full value of the loss from each of the two policies. The law does not forbid people from engaging in double insurance; it only forbids making a profit from a loss. Contribution is likely to arise when there is more than one policy. It does not matter that the policies do not cover precisely the same perils or property. They do not have to be identical but there must be an overlap. For example; one policy covering building A only and one covering buildings A and B. It the case American Surety Co of New York v. Wrightson (1910); it was held that for contribution to apply, the two policies involved must cover the same interest, same subject manner; same peril and same period. An overlap is quite common when there is home insurance overlapping with travel insurance, since certain items of property are insured under household insurance as well as insured whilst the policyholder travels abroad under the travel policy. There is a case law relative to the question of a common insurable interest. The case is North British Mercantile v. Liverpool London Globe (1877) The King and Queen Granaries case. As there were different interests, one as owner and one as a bailee, it was held that North British had to pay the loss in full and there was no right of contribution. Under the common law, a person who has more than one policy can look to any of the insurers involved for compensation. The insurer, who would have paid in full, can then claim contribution from the other insurer involved. However, the majority of policies include some form of contribution condition. With this condition, insurers will be liable for their rateable share only. When the two policies contain the contribution condition, the insured must proceed with the claim against the two insurers. Some policies may even contain a non-contribution clause. This prevents an insurer from being liable if the insured is covered under another policy. If there are two policies with this condition, the clauses in effect cancel out each other and contribution arises in the usual away, as in accordance with the case Gale v. Motor Union (1928). Subrogation is the right of a person who has provided indemnity to another, to stand in the shoes of that person to recover from some third party. The main aim of this principle is to ensure that the insured obtains an indemnity but no more than an indemnity. According to the case Castellain v. Preston, Subrogation is; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a doctrine in favour of the underwriters or insurers in order to prevent the assured from recovering more than a full indemnity. It is a corollary of indemnity and therefore does not apply to non-indemnity contracts. If a third party causes damage to the insureds factory, the insurer will settle with the insured. However, by virtue of the subrogation right and the subrogation condition, the insurer can sue the third party who has caused damage, in the name of the owner of the factory and subsequently make a recovery under the claim. Ex-gratia payments are payments outside the policy obligations and therefore are not recoverable. Subrogation operates by means of tort where a third party causes the insured loss or damage. It arises out of the negligence of a third party. Subrogation could arise under a contract as in the case, a tenant causing damage to the landlord; the tenant is made liable to pay under the contract. Subrogation rights may also arise under statute as in the case of riot. For example, insurers have a right to sue the police who are responsible for civil order to make a recovery, if as a result of riot the property of the insured is damaged. Insurers are also entitled to any materials left by the loss where they have agreed to pay the loss in full. This is expressed in Rankin v. potter (1873). Following indemnity, the insured ceases to be the owner. The case Scottish Union National Insurance v. Davis (1970) shows that the insured must have been indemnified for an insurer to exercise subrogation rights. For this reason insurers always insert a condition which enables them to commence their rocevery against the other party before they have settled the insureds claim. Subrogation rights are modified under market agreements between insurers to try to reduce administration expenses in recovering money from each other. Subrogation rights can also be modified or cancelled through a contractual agreement. Proximate cause is a claims related principle. The practical effect of this principle is to define the scope of the insurance contract and to protect the relative rights of the insured and the insurer. It allows for application of common sense to the interpretation of insurance contracts. Proximate cause relates to the main cause of a property loss. It is not necessarily the first or last cause but the dominant cause. It must be the operative cause which is directly linked with the result. The cause must not be remote. Proximate cause was defined in a classic case of Pawsey v. Scottish Union and National (1907); the active efficient cause that sets in motion a train of events which brings about a result without the intervention of any force started and working actively from a new and independent source. Property may be damaged but not directly by an insured peril. By the proximate cause rule, the loss will be covered. For example; smoke damage from fire, water damage from fire fighting, and damage caused by fire fighters. Normally, the cause and effect of a loss is quite easy to recognize. For example, a fire occurs and property is damaged. But in real situations, the loss may be the result of two or more causes and it become more difficult to decide the proximate cause. Losses can occur due to different situations, such as; single cause, chain of events, or concurrent causes. For example, if there is a storm that causes a wall to collapse, then a short circuit results in a fire and to extinguish the fire, water damage is caused by firemen. In this case, it is easy to determine that the storm was the proximate cause, since it started off a train of events causing water damage In many law cases, it had been decided that the last cause in time was the proximate cause where there was a chain of events. However, the case Leyland Shipping Co. Ltd v. Norwich Union Fire Insurance Society Ltd (1918) changed this theory. When there is a chain of events, insurers are liable where the loss flows in an unbroken chain directly from an insured peril. If the chain is broken, with no excluded perils, an insurer is liable only for that loss caused by an insured peril. When there is an excluded peril, the subsequent loss caused by an insured peril will be a new and indirect cause, interrupting the chain. Damage following novus actus interviens is not covered. Concurrent causes may be independent or interdependent. If one of the losses is not insured, then only the loss arising from the insured peril is covered, unless the causes cannot be separated and in which case all of the loss is covered. If one of the concurrent causes is excluded, then no cover operates, unless the other cause is insured and can be separated. Insurers sometimes exclude losses caused directly or indirectly by the peril in question. The effect will be to widen the exclusion and reduce the scope of cover. For example; If a policy excludes losses directly or indrectly caused by erathquake; it means that the policy will not cover neither the earthquake shock nor the fire damaage which might result.

Social Class in Charles Dickens Great Expectations Essay -- Great Exp

Social Class in Charles Dickens' "Great Expectations" During the 19th century, Britain was entering a new era. The reign of Queen Victoria had brought about many exciting propositions, with industry leading the way at the forefront. Due to the Industrial Revolution and the fact that Britain was being ruled by a woman, the action of 'Great Expectations' was occurring against the backdrop of major social and cultural changes. Although Britain, as a whole, was becoming exceedingly richer, the Industrial Revolution that was taking place also spawned great poverty. The working conditions in the factories were deplorable. Child labour was prevalent and the slums of large cities, such as London, bred transgression, crime and disease. Only men of property had the right to vote, so the proletariats were excluded from the political system, impeding the aristocrats to take any action on the matters of lower classed citizens. Women had few rights and little choice but to marry and upon doing so everything they owned, inherited and earned automatically belonged to their husband. It was in this underside of society and the injustices of life in Victorian Britain that Charles Dickens' found the material for his novels. These injustices are exactly what link Mrs. Joe Gargery, a downtrodden and poor blacksmith's wife, to Miss Havisham, an 'immensely rich and grim lady who lived in a large and dismal house'. Mrs. Joe Gargery and Miss Havisham may be of totally divergent classes, but they both suffer the detriments of life in Victorian Britain. Although Mrs. Joe Gargery and Miss Havisham are quite idiosyncratic and eccentric characters, they are both examples of very inexorable and domineering women. The eccentricitie... ...dumbfounded and destroyed, beyond the point of repair, and her quirky and peculiar idiosyncrasies fade away. Dickens' chose two very different female characters, which both helped and hindered Pips journey to becoming a gentlemen. In my opinion, I think Dickens' created these characters to show that in both ends of the social spectrum, there are still people who are not happy. Dickens' intended message about women that he tried to portray in this book is mixed. In Mrs Joe Gargery, he shows strength and dominance over men, where as in Miss Havisham, he shows total dependence on men, and we see her world fall to pieces without one. I think he decided to use such extreme characters to help readers understand and realise that not all women are the same. They can vary from being confident and domineering, to being dependant on others and very impressionable.

Power, Morality, and Terror Essay -- Terrorism Terrorist September 11

Power, Morality, and Terror In the wake of events stemming from the bombing of the World Trade Center, citizens of the United States have slowly been coming to grips with many changes- new threats, new fears, and a new vision of the world and our place within it. As we re-adjust the lens through which we see our geopolitical landscape and begin to formulate a national security policy which can effectively respond to the terrorist threat, we must acquire a firm understanding of what motivates terrorist operatives. It will not suffice to merely throw out simplistic explanations of terrorist motives such as, "they’re evil. . .they hate us. . .they’re irrational. . .they hate freedom." Rather, we must take a systematic look at what motivates terrorism on the theoretical level. In some ways, terrorism is just a new variation on an old theme. For as long as men have lived in societies, there have been the haves and the have-nots, the dominant classes and the oppressed groups, the weak and the strong. Whereas the tactics of terrorists may be more technologically advanced and, arguably, more cruel than those used by insurgents of the past, their primary goal of altering either the regional or global polarity is as old as mankind itself. For their part, those dominant nations against whom the repressed campaign tend to engage in a brand of rhetoric which portrays the opposition as morally depraved. While this may or may not be the case, two important questions follow which are asked all too rarely. The first question is: how valid are the claims of the repressed that the dominant state itself is morally culpable? In the current case, the United States is responsible for committing a number of evils against Muslims. This is esp... ...orism is the last resort of a desperate people. Perhaps its best cure is to confront and rectify the grievances of those who suffer so greatly at our hands (often because of our narrow oil-interests in the Persian Gulf). Even a minimal increase in the standard of living in such countries, even a small acknowledgment of our role in maintaining and exacerbating this suffering- would instill in potential insurgents the one thing that stops terrorism dead in its tracks- hope. Sources: Betts, Richard K. ed. Conflict After the Cold War: Arguments on Causes of War and Peace. Carr, Edward Hallett. "Realism and Idealism." Second Edition. Longman Press: New York. 2002. Coates, AJ. The Ethics of War. Manchester University Press. New York: 1997. Liang, Qiao and Wang Xiangsui. Unrestricted Warfare. Beijing: PLA Literature and Arts Publishing House. 1999.

Critical Appreciation of William Blakes London :: essays papers

Critical Appreciation of William Blake's London William Blake who lived in the latter half of the eighteenth century and the early part of the nineteenth century was a poet, a philosopher, a radical, an artist, and a great thinker; who was able to bring about "remarkable results with the simplest of means" in all of his work. He wrote his poems with deep personal emotions but if we look further and ignore the prophetic qualities we discover a further intended meanings of a strong political and social level. He was a critic of his own era but his poetry also strikes a chord in ours. He was one of several poets of the time who restored emotion and feelings into poetry, and so was one of the first "romantics." Blake lived during a period of intense social changes, the industrial revolution, the French revolution and the American revolution all happened during his lifetime. Blake was witness to the transformation of a agricultural society to an industrial society, which is where the basis for some of his poems stand. As an example, we may look towards William Blake’s "London" from his songs of experience, here Blake comments on a city he both loves and hates, it shows his disapproval of changes which occurred in his times. Blake describes the woes that the Industrial revolution and the breaking of the common mans ties to the land results in. He uses many methods to gain the perfect description of how he saw industrial "London" but the most outstanding method is his use of imagery. His first use of imagery is the first and second lines of the first stanza, he uses the words "charter’d streets" and "charter’d Thames." A charter is a legal document which gives legal powers to the council of a town or city which allows them to be able to create there own laws within the boundaries of that place. The imagery suggests that not only do the streets of London have to follow the rules but that the River Thames has to be regulated as well. The lawmakers have tamed and controlled a free flowing river. This use of imagery emphasises that everything in the city including natural forces are enslaved by the city. In the next line, "Marks of weakness, marks of woe," there could be a play on words, "Mark" means both "to see" or "to notice" but then again there could be another meaning; like a physical mark upon someone’s face like a sign of grief or misery.

Efffects of School Busing to Students

After four decades of school integration America has given up, and the question is â€Å"Why? † I believe the answer is because absolutely nothing worked! Bussing was a hassle, most magnet schools were set up for false reasons, and everything was very costly. With everything they tried there were still no significant changes in the test scores of the minority students. So now here we are in the late 21st century and it can all be summed up with what Chris Hansen of the American Civil Liberties Union in New York City believes the courts are saying, â€Å"We still agree with the goal of school desegregation, but it's too hard, and we're tired of it, and we give up. † It all started with Brown v. Board of Education saying â€Å"Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. † There began a plan to desegregate public schools across America. The first plan was bussing when Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education stated that federal courts could order bussing to desegregate schools. However in most cases bussing became much more of a hassle than a helper. There were many revolts from parents making situations even more horrible. Most students wanted to go to their neighborhood schools and not be bussed for long trips to attend a ‘better' school. In Seattle the school board unanimously voted to avoid race-based school assignment and increase enrollment in schools closer to home. The busing plan was not working and soon many schools were trying to deactivate this maneuver. There is evidence that federal courts are realizing that the 25-year-old policy of busing to achieve racial balance in schools has not worked as a means for ending segregation or improving the academic performance of minority students. Busing did not work out as planned; scores for minority students were not higher and neither was their happiness. Peter Schmidt opinion is that â€Å"after seeing some districts' labyrinthine busing maps, that mandating the integration of classrooms has cost a good number of students any chance of a fair and quality education. † Another reason why plans for integration stopped was that many believed they were morally wrong. Mr. Symington, a Republican, said, † The education of Arizona's children should not be held prisoner by a racial quota system. † While Edward Newsome feels it's just patronizing to blacks, â€Å"that the courts are so willing to assume that anything that is predominately black must be inferior. † There were also problems with magnet school programs. Most were designed to attract white students to predominately black schools and vice versa. The communities were using magnet schools to lure whites away from private schools. Along with being unjust the magnet school plan also did not work. In 1985 one district was 73. 6% minority, 11 years later the district is now 75. 9% minority. Missouri v. Jenkins stopped the unjustness of Judge Clark and his magnet schools when they ordered it was wrong of him to pay for a plan just to attract suburban students. Plus last June the Supreme Court said the district court had no right to order expenditures aimed at attracting suburban whites. The systems to integrate schools were also very costly. On average the cost for one student per year to be bussed is between $300 and $400. Kansas City spent $1. billion on magnet schools in town, a 10-year failure. San Francisco spent $200 million since 1982 to improve desegregation and after found it lacked even modest overall improvement. John F. Huppenthal, the Republican chairman of the Senate's education committee said, It is evil to hold them in a system which isn't doing much for them, particularly when it is so damn expensive. The huge amount of money they used to pay for these methods came out of what could have gone to improving general schools or improving academic standards. My opinion is that the plans for integration stopped because their maneuvers were not working. I believe those maneuvers should have stopped. They should spend more time improving the schools than integrating the students. There should be more schools like the J. S. Chick elementary school that doesn't look down upon its 98% African American school. In that school the students outscore many of the magnet schools' students on the standardized tests. Minorities don't score lower on tests because there are all minorities sitting around them; they score poorly because the school is poor. I go along with J. Anthony Lukas when he states, † Our task is to educate the kids who're here, instead of yearning for those who have left. And, who knows, perhaps if we do a good enough job, some of those who have left may start trickling back. † I believe some of the plans were a little immoral and wrong. So after four decades of trying to desegregate schools, the plans failed and the country is giving up. Over the time most standardized tests showed minor improvement in minority scoring. The plans cost a lot of money but at least some schools were improved. The intents ended because the costly plans were not working. Neither busing nor magnet schools raised minorities† academic performances, so the country has stopped the integration plans.

Entrepreneur Test

Which of the following is classified as an entrepreneur?A manager in a large corporation A financial manager in a small firm An owner-manager who bought out the founder of a firm A salaried technician in a rapidly-growing high-tech firmAttract more attention and make more headlines in the media. are not as important to the well-being of society. are highly visible. One glaring example of poor ethics practiced by small businesses in general is lack of pollution controls. untruthful labeling of products.  lack of loyalty to employees. fraudulent reporting of income and expenses for income tax purposes.Different types of small business ownership opportunities include all of the following except startups. bailouts. family businesses. franchises. The cost of a franchise may include royalty payments. high executive salaries. a one-time federal franchise tax. higher-than-usual labor costs. In a family business, the interests of the family and the interests of the business are best describ ed as overlapping. conflicting. coinciding. having no relationship with each other. Writing a business plan should be thought of as  the means to an end product. an ongoing process. an absolute essential to the startup of businesses. a mental exercise.A firm's marketing mix consists of _____ activities. pricing, promotion, and distribution product, pricing, and promotion product, promotion, and distribution product, pricing, promotion, and distribution A disadvantage of a sole proprietorship is the complexity of the organization the cost of starting the business. the lack of limits on personal liability. the difficulty of distribution. Which of the following is not an environmental condition affecting selection of a business location?CompetitionWeather and climate Laws and regulations Raw material availability Assets that are relatively liquid are classified as current assets. fixed assets. short-term assets. other assets. Typical venture capitalists invest approximately ____ of t heir investment in later-stage businesses. one-fourth one-half three-fourths nearly all Most customer service problems are identified by personal observation. outside consultants. customer complaints. entries in a suggestion box. In general, products that are consumed in fixed amounts have inelastic demand. constant demand. variable demand. elastic demand.Which of the following does not describe a method of determining promotional expenditures? Matching industry forecasts Spending as much as the competition What can be spared What it will take to do the job Marcia Mendez, who runs a drapery business, has groups of employees who work in production and in installation. If she decides to use work teams as part of her leadership approach, she must increase supervision. compensation. independence. quality. Which of the following is a legal basis for selecting employees? Gender Age Education Disabilities An inspection plan that judges products as acceptable or unacceptable, good or bad, i s known as  a 100 percent inspection plan. an attribute inspection. a variable inspection. an inspection sampling plan.The owner of a small manufacturing plant wants inspectors to check the width and length of a product (within specified tolerances) during the production process. This calls for an attribute inspection. a work sampling inspection. a 100 percent inspection plan. a variable inspection. An analysis of which of the following records facilitates maintenance of adequate stock levels? Accounts payable records Accounts receivable records Cash records Inventory records

Surgical Instruments

Surgery has been performed since ancient times. The earliest recorded surgical operations were circumcision and trepanation. (Circumcision is the removal of the foreskin of the penis. Trepanation involves making a hole in the skull to relieve pressure and/or release spirits. ) The earliest instruments used in these procedures were flint or obsidian (shiny stone) knives and saws. Stone Age skulls from around the world have been found with holes in them from trepanning. Primitive people also used knives to cut off fingers damaged in accidents. The ancient Hindus of India excelled at surgery. The great surgical textbook, Sushruta Samhita, probably dates back to the last centuries B. C. This work described 20 sharp and 101 blunt surgical instruments. These instruments included forceps, pincers, trocars (sharp-pointed instruments fitted with a small tube), and cauteries (irons to heat and sear tissue). Most of these surgical tools were made of steel. The ancient Hindus also used lancets to carry out cataract surgery, scalpels to restore amputated noses via plastic surgery, and sharp knives to remove bladder stones. At about the same time, ancient Peruvians were performing trepanation. They left behind various surgical instruments, including scalpels and chisels made of obsidian. The Greeks practiced surgery mostly on external parts of the body. They usually used forceps, knives, and probes. Bronze Roman surgical instruments found at Pompeii include a scalpel with a steel blade, spring and scissor forceps, a sharp hook, and shears. In the first century A. D. , Cel-cus A tray of modern surgical instruments. The ancient Hindus used lancets to carry out cataract surgery, scalpels to restore amputated noses via plastic surgery, and sharp knives to remove bladder stones. described the use of ligatures. Ligatures are used to tie off blood vessels and reduce bleeding during operations. Galen ( A. D. 130-200) gave detailed and sensible instructions on the use of surgical instruments. After ancient times, medical knowledge declined, and surgeons fell to a lowly status. In the absence of knowledge about antiseptics, surgery was highly risky. As a result, only the simplest and most urgent operations (such as amputations) using the most straightforward instruments were performed. A few physicians sought to spread knowledge of surgical procedures by publishing texts that illustrated surgical instruments. Most important among these men was the great French surgeon Ambroise Pare (1517-1590). Pare revived use of ligature and invented many surgical procedures and instruments. His inventions included the â€Å"crow's beak† to hold blood vessels while tying them off. Pare also perfected an instrument for cataract removal. Other types of surgical instruments are: Payr’s Crushing Clamp: This is the heavy instrument with double lever system, it has two blades with uniform serrations, used to perform Gastrectomy. Aneurysm Needle: This is the long instrument with an EYE at one end, it was used to ligate the feeding artery in an aneurysm, during venesection, silk suture can be threaded within eye passed around to ligate it. Right Angled Forcep: Also known as Lahey’s Forcep, it is used to ligate major vascular pedicles like superior thyroid pedicle in thyroidectomy, cystic artery in cholecystectomy and lumbar veins in lumbar sympathectomy. Czerny Retractor: This is a double hooked retractor on one side and single blade on other side, this is a superficial retractor, used to retract layers of abdominal walls and muscles during appendicectomy, herniorrhapy, or thyroidectomy. Lagenback retractor: It has a single blade, function it’s similar to Czerny Retractor. Deaver’s Retractor: It is used to retract liver during vagotomy, cholecystectomy, Gastrectomy, also used to retract kidney and urinary bladder. Allis Tissue holding forcep: It has a ratched and triangular expansion at tip, where serrations are present, it is used to hold tough structures like fascia, aponeurosis, can also be used to hold duodenum during Gastrectomy. Throughout time surgical instruments have changed now we sterilize the instruments and they are much more safer than the once in ancient history. Technology has evolved and keeps evolving new instruments will be created always.

The Mcnaughten Rule

The M’Naghten Rule: 1843 Aspects of the Criminal law in Canada are likely to be traced back several hundred years ago, where the legal system was established in England. Criminal law, derived from public law, includes the subject of criminal defenses, and in a narrower sense, the theory of not being criminally responsible on account of a mental disorder. The theory behind this defense can be traced back to England in the 1840’s. This era showcased the influential case of Daniel M’Nagthen.Believed to be a paranoid schizophrenic, M’Naghten shot and killed Edward Drummond, Secretary to the British Prime Minister, Sir Robert Peel. M’Naghten was under the delusion that he was being persecuted by Peel who was at the time a strong advocate of the police enforcement system. The case states that Daniel M’Naghten, had shot the Secretary, Edward Drummond, thinking he was Peel and was put on trial for the murder of Edward Drummond. As this stood, Mâ€⠄¢Naghten pleaded not guilty on the statement that he was mentally ill and having delusions, which had influenced his action to murder Drummond.The court system of England pronounced M’Naghten as not guilty by reason of insanity. The case gave way to the now titled M’Naghten rule claiming that an individual cannot be found guilty on the grounds that he or she is unable to tell the difference between right and wrong (Siegle, McCormick 2010). The M’Naghten rule has set a foundation of defining criminal responsibility and allowed for the introduction of mental disorders and psychological conditions as being able to influence whether or not an individual can be held criminally accountable.There was great public outcry on this verdict which forced the House of Lords to amend the standards for the defense of insanity and resulted in the rule that states: â€Å" every man is to be presumed sane, and that to establish a defense on the grounds of insanity, it must be cl early proved that, at the time of the committing of the act, the party accused was laboring under such a defect of reason, from disease of mind, as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing; or if he did know it, that he did not know he was doing what was wrong (8 Eng. Rep. 718 (1843))†.Criticism for the M’Naghten rule arose because it tended to rely entirely on the defendant’s cognitive ability to â€Å"know† right from wrong. Subsequently, there are also questions about what to do with defendants who can differentiate the wrongfulness they committed but can’t control the impulses to commit them. Combined, these factors either emotional or cognitive can make it difficult for defendants to be found not guilty by reason of insanity. Despite the criticisms, the M’Naghten Rule is still widely applied today in both the Canadian and United States legal system.Evolving a greater understanding of applying the â€Å"insanity defense † leads the way to other methods and theories for understanding and defining mental insanity. Looking into the Biological Trait Theory asks the question as to whether or not individuals can be â€Å"born criminal† (Garofalo, 178). It is known that mental disorders are almost, always genetically based, however diagnosing someone, as having a mental disorder, does not define them as a criminal. This is where behaviour and personality characteristics come into play, indicating a criminal nature.Many biological factors, such as body weight and height are incorporated into creating a stereotype of a criminal, a method called somatyping. It is important to take into account the lifestyle of the accused. Many factors such as the home structure, daily routine, nature and nurturing, education, friends, interest all play an impactful role in either noticing an onset of a mental disorder to noticing the beginning of criminal behavior. Some of these characteristics can come into pl ay as well in the Psychological Trait Theory, focusing on the mental aspect of crime.From a psychodynamic perspective, there are two classifications to describe mental disorder, in individuals who struggle with mental anguish and loss of control of their personality. This can manifest in an individual who experiences neurosis or psychosis. Neurosis is described as being on the borderline between reality and the sense of losing control of your personality, and psychosis is the loss of total control leaving them detached from reality. Psychotic behavior is often marked by bizarre episodes of delusion or hallucinations. It can take on many forms, the most common being Schizophrenia.In a broad sense, the person is left with complete loss of thought control or appropriate emotional responses. They can become paranoid, delusional, hallucinate or withdraw completely from reality. As in the M’Naghten case of 1843, Daniel M’Naghten was thought to be a paranoid schizophrenic, wh ich caused or provoked his violent reaction toward Edward Drummond. Due to the many theories and perspectives about the rooting and origins of mental disorders, it is no wonder why there is such a high correlation between crime and mental illness.Many characteristics of mental illness are also very similar to those categorized as being criminal in nature. The authors of â€Å"Clinical predictions of Self-Mutilation in hospitalized patients† stated that mentally ill individuals are more likely to withdraw or harm themselves than to act aggressively towards others (1994), which begins to ask the question if mentally ill individuals are more criminal than those who are not mentally ill. And, do you have to be mentally ill to commit a crime.This is why criminal cases involving mental illness are hard to defend or hard to prosecute. There does not seem to be a simple direct way to interpret the complete science of these theories. In conclusion, criminal behavior as it relates to u nderstanding the relationship to mental illness is an evolving behavioral science. Nearly 170 years after the M’Naghten Rule was established the legal system in North America is still struggling to find the balance at defining mental insanity.There is significant research to establish that people can be born into crime based on their genetics or the environment and that psychotic behavior can lead to irrational thoughts and feelings that provoke people to do terrible things. The question still exists as to whether individuals from any of these perspectives actually understand if they had intent to commit a crime or understand completely that what they did was wrong.

BUsiness ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BUsiness ethics - Essay Example The intended result may not justify the means, and the act remains immoral. In the article, Nagel seeks to make the distinction in an attempt to create a moral framework by which to view the Vietnam war and its atrocities, or war and massacre in general. His concern is to develop a consistent and cogent set of elements by which particular acts of war may be adjudged as to whether they are right or wrong. The chosen article was published in the December 2006 issue of the prestigious Fortune magazine, which is widely subscribed by managers and executives. It deals with the trade of ‘conflict diamonds’, or diamonds that were mined through the exploitation of the poor citizens of these African states. Ordinarily, the businessman has a right to make a profit and the customer a right to buy the product. However, where the product is but a luxury, it raises the question why the workers should be denied fair treatment and a decent standard of living. In this light, the businessman’s right to a profit and the customer’s right to acquire a product must be denied to protect the workers’ fundamental human rights. However, should the diamond trade be banned, there would be the corollary issue of whether it is right to deprive these workers of their only source of livelihood. The dilemma is that closure of the business puts a stop to one evil and spawns another. While legitimate diamond companies have taken steps to contain the illegal trade, its complete eradication is a near impossibility. Thus the workers can do little more than tolerate the present state of affairs, or face starvation. (Fortune Magazine) -- Sahr Amara is stooped low, knee-deep in a muddy river, in the fifth hour of his workday. As he has each day for the past week, the 18-year-old will earn a stipend of only 7 cents, enough to buy himself a bowl of porridge to see

Week Six Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week Six Question - Essay Example (Watkins, 2004) One of the key reasons as to why founding fathers of America refused to consider paper money as a legal tender was the unrestrained use and possession of this money thus causing damage to the society. Since paper money was not backed by the real physical assets therefore its issuance and circulation was considered as morally damaging for the society as a whole. Apart from this, the issuance of paper money by some States has created widespread inflationary pressures on the economy. The case of Rhodes Island is considered as an ideal case wherein Rhodes Island not only issued the currency but also passed legislation that if anyone refuses to accept this as a legal tender, he or she may be fined for $100. The uncontrolled use of paper money also became detrimental for the trade in Rhodes Island. This experiment created a widespread dissent among those responsible for development of a unanimously agreed constitution of the country. (Newcomer, 1986) It is important to note that the US Constitution only prohibits States from issuing paper money but it is relatively silent on the powers of the federal government to issue fiat money. It is however, critical to note that US has started to issue paper money much before even the constitution was adapted in the country. The necessary and proper clause in the constitution also gave powers to the federal government to actually pass any law which may be considered as necessary. (Feeley & Rubin, 2008). The constitutional convention also gave silent powers to the federal government to actually issue paper money but it suggested restraining from inserting an explicit clause in the constitution to allow the issuance of paper money in the country. The current system of issuing currency notes in the country therefore also points out to this constitutional issue as US Mint is responsible for issuance of coins in limited numbers where Fed has been

Yours Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Yours - Essay Example One must know that there are some people holding opinion that handling the most dangerous creature on the planet, i.e., beautiful women is an art in itself and this is an issue which really comes across during the time of the first date. A man tries his best to have the best possible clothes on his body as well as carry a decent hair do, one which will surely be liked by his date, or the first date if we may say. I believe women are very sensitive when the talk is of choosing their date partners. Even the slightest of details are seen with a vigilant eye (by the girl). Thus I believe an American man is constantly under pressure to show own self in his best possible dressing as well as exhibit his manners to the extreme. I hold very diverse ways about this subject and quite rightly so. I opine that some American men love to save the mementos that they receive from their dates and openly show them to their friends, one and all, thus bringing into notice the achievements they have had. It is a totally different story if there is no memento for the person; hence nothing to actually share or brag about within friends and relatives on the man’s part who had his first date. For many American males like me, their first dates turn out to be real horrendous, thus bringing with them pain, frustration and shattered dreams, which they had built of their ideal girl during their leisure time. Everyone like me does so and it surely is agony for us poor souls who see their dates either being fat, chubby or somewhat physically impaired. There might be some other physical and mental disabilities, notwithstanding while preferences on the man’s part are endless too. However I think that dating can be sometimes degrading depending upon the girl with whom the date is being set with as well as the unexpected and uncontrollable surroundings and